Jun 1, 2012 09:28
11 yrs ago
27 viewers *
French term

mis en liquidation judiciaire par résolution

French to English Bus/Financial Law (general) Bankruptcy/insolvency
In relation to my previous question (see http://www.proz.com/kudoz/french_to_english/law:_contracts/4...

si le Constructeur fait faillite ou devient insolvable, ou ses biens ont été mis sous séquestre, ou, si étant une société, il est mis en liquidation judiciaire par résolution ou par ordonnance (autre que liquidation volontaire pour cause de fusion ou de restructuration)....

Thanks in advance for any help.
Change log

Jun 1, 2012 14:08: writeaway changed "Field" from "Law/Patents" to "Bus/Financial" , "Field (specific)" from "Law: Contract(s)" to "Law (general)"

Discussion

Nikki Scott-Despaigne Jun 14, 2012:
@ Daryo In reply to your insistance :

"Nikki Scott-Despaigne: Note in En, a "compulsory winding up" can occur upon petition by the company, following a directors meeting :http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/manuals/insmanual/ins1510.htm In context, meaning of "résolution" in Fr not same as "resolution" in En. Cf my post. Not vol
6 hrs
-> Look at the wording of the Companies Act rather than comments; This is the ONLY ambiguous comment you'll find."

The first step is focus on the meaning of the French in the French context. A couple of days after my first postings on this one, I came across information, in reliable sources, indicating a reading of "résolution" quite different to the one we might usually attribute to this context : see my additional posts from "Note added at 3 days20 hrs (2012-06-05 05:46:44 GMT)" onwards.
These findings suggest a quite diffferent reading ; rather than the company making a decision (=résolution), it seems to be a decision of the court to bring to an end (=résolution) a given plan. Once the French context has been understood, only then is it possible to consider options in the target language. (Company legislation elsewhere may offer solutions, but not NZ for UK.)
Germaine Jun 4, 2012:
Des pistes peut-être... ...if the Corporation makes a general assignment for the benefit of creditors; or any proceeding or filing is instituted or made by the Corporation seeking relief on its behalf as debtor, or to adjudicate it a bankrupt or insolvent, or seeking liquidation, winding-up, reorganization... or seeking appointment of a receiver, trustee, custodian or other similar official for it or for any substantial part of its properties or assets... if... any proceeding or filing is instituted or made against the Corporation in any jurisdiction seeking to... adjudicate it a bankrupt or insolvent, or seeking liquidation, winding-up... or seeking appointment of a receiver, trustee, custodian or other similar official for it..
AllegroTrans Jun 3, 2012:
This interesting debate demonstrates..... that for terms like this, the translator needs to ask first "what is the actual procedure here?" - involving in many cases research. Then, "is there a term in the target language which encapsulates exactly the same procedure?" In my exprerience, the answer is often NO. Where this is the case, a "descriptive" translation which explains the source term is often the best solution.
The pity is, so many translators, even highly exprerienced ones, jump to the instant conclusion that a term used in their own country will suffice. With legal procedures in Code Law jurisdictions being translated into English this can be a highly risky gambit.
Daryo Jun 2, 2012:
in short What are the different types of liquidation?

The law classifies liquidations into two types: voluntary (which is by a shareholders’ resolution) or compulsory (by a court order).

Liquidations are also classified according to whether the company is solvent or insolvent.

[http://www.howtolaw.co.nz/html/ml066.asp]
Daryo Jun 2, 2012:
in company law there are many strong similarities between France and UK (and USA for that matter). They are all long established market economies, after all. In this case there's no need to invent anything, just to carefully find the parallels.
You should’ve tried to translate into English concepts from the ex-Soviet Union’s economy.
Or even better, concepts from the ex-Yugoslavia’s system of “worker’s self-governing of companies”. You missed the real fun!
Nikki Scott-Despaigne Jun 2, 2012:
Liquidation It is notoriously difficult to translate term for term situations relating to liquidation, receivership and administration. Correlations exist, close parallels too. I think the best policy is to adopt a form of words which explains the original as clearly as possible, without ambiguity. If that means not using an existing English term, the so be it.

Proposed translations

-1
23 mins

liquidation ordered by resolution

Declined
as it's the way it's ordered that seems important
Peer comment(s):

neutral writeaway : meaning what exactly?
1 hr
neutral Daryo : a "resolution" is taken INSIDE the company. It's odd to say the company is giving orders to itself!
14 hrs
disagree AllegroTrans : this is self-contradictory
1 day 23 hrs
Something went wrong...
46 mins

to put into official receivership

Declined
To put into official receivership
Peer comment(s):

neutral writeaway : that's redressement judiciaire
47 mins
Something went wrong...
2 hrs

compulsory liquidation by resolution

Declined
http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cd-dgc.nsf/eng/h_cs03935.html

www.hmrc.gov.uk/manuals/insmanual/ins1510.htm

http://www.howtolaw.co.nz/html/ml066.asp

--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 2 hrs (2012-06-01 11:34:50 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------

or compulsory liquidation decided by (special)resolution

--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 2 hrs (2012-06-01 11:35:44 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------

A petition for the compulsory winding up of a company (4.7 IR 1986) will generally be presented by

the company or its directors (if it has been decided by special resolution that the company be wound up by the Court)
any creditor or creditors (sometimes when the issue of a Statutory Demand has not produced payment of the debt within three weeks)
the supervisor if the company is subject to a voluntary arrangement
the administrator of a company in administration if compulsory liquidation is the exit route chosen from the administration
http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/manuals/insmanual/ins1510.htm
Peer comment(s):

agree writeaway : it's the stuff found in most Articles of Association, so is highly researchable on the www.
2 hrs
Thanks
neutral philgoddard : What about "judiciaire"?
5 hrs
"Compulsory" suggests ordered by the court ("judiciaire")
neutral Nikki Scott-Despaigne : Edited: No direct correlation between FR and UK. "Compulsory" suggests ordered by the court ("judiciaire") : agree. "Resolution" - in English - suggests the company has taken the initiative. In Fr "résolution" diff. meaning. See my post and findings.
7 hrs
Thanks
agree CHAKIB ROULA (X)
8 hrs
Thanks
disagree Daryo : As logical as saying "he was suicided". A "resolution" is part of (leading to) a voluntary winding-up/liquidation. "Compulsory liquidation" would mean it's imposed by "court order" or by an injunction or administrative decision.. Read refs. carefully
12 hrs
A petition for the compulsory winding up of a company (4.7 IR 1986) will generally be presented by
disagree AllegroTrans : totally agree with Daryo
1 day 21 hrs
A petition for the compulsory winding up of a company (4.7 IR 1986) will generally be presented by
Something went wrong...
9 hrs

Court warrant - based liquidation

Declined
Imho
Something went wrong...
+2
1 day 9 hrs

put into court-supervised winding-up by (members') resolution

Declined
Court-supervised triggered by members' resolution may get round the conundrum of a compulsory court-ordered winding-up.

If the société is a partnership, the liquidation would strictly need to turn into a dissolution, but winding-up again might do the trick.

Daryo makes an interesting ex-Yugoslavia point. As the country under Marshal Tito was a shining, paradigm example of a mixed economy, there might well have also been a voluntary vs. compulsory liquidation divide.
Peer comment(s):

agree AllegroTrans : yes, this solves the riddle and conserves the "reality" of a procedure which is quite obviouisly not the same as in England or USA
13 hrs
Thanks.
agree Yvonne Gallagher
21 hrs
Thanks, again.
neutral Nikki Scott-Despaigne : In France, the "résolution" is made by the court. See my post which suggests this reading likely and makes sense in "liquidation judiciaire" with "resolution by the corut" and "court order" in original. All been barking up wrong tree?
2 days 10 hrs
Something went wrong...
+1
3 days 19 hrs

put into court-supervised liquidation by (court) resolution or by court ordery

Declined
Very low confidence level as I am not sure of this at all. However, the phrase "liqudiation judiciaire par résolution" may not have anything at all to do with a resolution made during a meeting of the company's members. It may be everything to do with following an unsuccessful receivership of the company.

After checking on Google again, I considered that just 2,200 hits for "liquidation judiciare par résolution" (LJPR : my abbreviation) was a surprisingly low result and that perhpas it would be helpful to consider other options. Take this example and you will see why I have made this suggestion.

http://ecoveillepc.actufax.fr/article-1668-tribunal-de-niort...

"26/11/2010
Deux-Sèvres
Tribunal de Niort
[…] Liquidation judiciaire par résolution du plan de redressement : Hervé Churin boulangerie à Villiers-en-Plaine, John Mc Hugh à Gourgé. (source : Nouvelle République)"


Might "résolution" have another meaning we have not entertained yet at all?
Might it not mean "résolution du plan de redressement"?

Perhpas you should check with your client. If this is in fact the true sense of "résolution" then the member's meeting thing is neither here nor there.

Other examples of LJPR :

http://netbois.fordaq.com/fordaq/Redressements_et_Liquidatio...

PAR RESOLUTION DU PLAN ADOPTE :

"14/06/11 97 LAMY JACQUES FRANCOIS Fabrication d’autres meubles et industries connexes de l’ameublement Date : 01 Février 2011. Autre jugement prononçant. 326 181 872 RCS Saint-Pierre-de-la-Réunion. LAMY (Jacques, François). Adresse : 318 rue Alexandre-Bègue 97416 La Chaloupe. Complément de jugement : Jugement prononçant la liquidation judiciaire par résolution du plan adopté par jugement du 10/11/2009"

PAR RESOLUTION DU PLAN DE REDRESSEMENT..., .... RESOLUTION DU PLAN ADOPTE

"30/12/11 97 MEUBLES EXOTIQUES Fabrication de meubles de bureau et de magasin Date : 18 Novembre 2011. Jugement prononçant la résolution du plan de redressement et la liquidation judiciaire. MEUBLES EXOTIQUES. Forme : S.A.R.L. Activité : fabrication de meubles de tous styles. Adresse : Zone Industrielle de Kaweni 97600 Mamoudzou. Complément de jugement : Jugement prononçant la résolution du plan de redressement judiciaire, mettant fin à la mission de Maître BADAT (Houssen), administrateur judiciaire, commissaire à l'exécution du plan et prononçant l'ouverture d'une liquidation judiciaire n° 2011/66".

RESOLUTION DU PLAN DE PLAN DE REDRESSEMENT..., PLAN DE CONTINUATION

"08/02/11 97 PLAST ALU MENUISERIE Travaux de menuiserie bois et PVC Date : 27 Octobre 2010. Jugement prononçant la résolution du plan de redressement et la liquidation judiciaire. 445 345 929 RCS Saint-Denis-de-la-Réunion. S.A.R.L. PLAST ALU MENUISERIE. Forme : S.A.R.L. Activité : non précisée. Adresse : 7 rue Henri-Cornu immeuble Rodrigues 2, Technopole 97490 Sainte-Clotilde. Complément de jugement : Jugement prononçant la résolution du plan de continuation et la liquidation judiciaire sous le régime de droit commun."

When I read through these examples, it streikes me that the "résolution" refers to a "plan" in which case it has nothing at all to do with member's meetings etc.
What is the sense of "résolution" here then? With this uncertainty, I think contacting the client to see what is being referred to, what has been "résolu" would be the only intelligent thing to do.

Résolution may be something ruled upon by the court. See this article below for an example. This reading is conceivable from the original in the question here ": mise en liquidation judiciaire par RESOLUTION ou par ORDONNANCE". It does rather read that the court is doing the resolving and the ordering! That interpretation would completely change the angle we havve been taking on it until now.

http://www.village-justice.com/articles/resolution-redressem...


http://www.village-justice.com/articles/resolution-redressem...

My suggestion reads oddly, I know, but does account for a situation where the court is doing the resolving and the orerding.
Low confidence level, although it really makes sense to me now, as I have not come across this before.





--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 3 days19 hrs (2012-06-05 04:53:44 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------

Court orderY : that's new to me too!!!

--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 3 days20 hrs (2012-06-05 05:46:44 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------

This time a Google search with : [liquidation "résolution du plan" definition]
http://www.s409284624.onlinehome.fr/definitions.html
Here under « procédure de sauvegarde » for example :
« S'il est constaté, pendant l'exécution du plan de sauvegarde, la cessation des paiements du débiteur, le tribunal prononce sa liquidation judiciaire et la résolution du plan. Dans le cadre de cette nouvelle procédure, les créanciers ne seront pas tenus de déclarer leurs créances. »

http://www.dictionnaire-juridique.com/definition/plan-de-ces...
Here under the definition for « plan de cession » :
« A l'exception des décisions mentionnées à l'article L. 623-6 II et III du code de commerce, le délai d'appel des décisions, tel le jugement statuant sur une demande de résolution du plan de cession, est de dix jours à compter de la notification qui en est faite aux parties. (chambre commerciale, 13 avril 2010, pourvoi n°08-21825, BICC n°727 du 15 septembre 2010 et Legifrance). Consulter la note de M. Lienard référencée dans la Bibliographie ci-après. »

www.legifrance.gouv.fr
Code de Commerce
Article L626-27 En savoir plus sur cet article...
Modifié par Ordonnance n°2008-1345 du 18 décembre 2008 - art. 63
I.-En cas de défaut de paiement des dividendes par le débiteur, le commissaire à l'exécution du plan procède à leur recouvrement conformément aux dispositions arrêtées. Il y est seul habilité.

Le tribunal qui a arrêté le plan peut, après avis du ministère public, en décider la résolution si le débiteur n'exécute pas ses engagements dans les délais fixés par le plan.

Lorsque la cessation des paiements du débiteur est constatée au cours de l'exécution du plan, le tribunal qui a arrêté ce dernier décide, après avis du ministère public, sa résolution et ouvre une procédure de redressement judiciaire ou, si le redressement est manifestement impossible, une procédure de liquidation judiciaire.

Le jugement qui prononce la résolution du plan met fin aux opérations et à la procédure lorsque celle-ci est toujours en cours. Sous réserve des dispositions du deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 626-19, il fait recouvrer aux créanciers l'intégralité de leurs créances et sûretés, déduction faite des sommes perçues, et emporte déchéance de tout délai de paiement accordé.
II.-Dans les cas mentionnés aux deuxième et troisième alinéas du I, le tribunal est saisi par un créancier, le commissaire à l'exécution du plan ou le ministère public. Il peut également se saisir d'office.
III.-Après résolution du plan et ouverture de la nouvelle procédure, les créanciers soumis à ce plan sont dispensés de déclarer leurs créances et sûretés. Les créances inscrites à ce plan sont admises de plein droit, déduction faite des sommes déjà perçues.

Article L631-20-1 En savoir plus sur cet article...
Créé par Ordonnance n°2008-1345 du 18 décembre 2008 - art. 85
Par dérogation aux dispositions du troisième alinéa de l'article L. 626-27, lorsque la cessation des paiements du débiteur est constatée au cours de l'exécution du plan, le tribunal qui a arrêté ce dernier décide, après avis du ministère public, sa résolution et ouvre une procédure de liquidation judiciaire.


Article R626-48 En savoir plus sur cet article...
Modifié par Décret n°2009-160 du 12 février 2009 - art. 38
En application du I de l'article L. 626-27, le tribunal est saisi aux fins de résolution du plan par voie de requête ou, le cas échéant, dans les formes et selon la procédure prévue à l'article R. 631-3 ou R. 631-4. Il statue dans les conditions de l'article L. 626-9, le commissaire à l'exécution du plan étant entendu ou dûment appelé et présentant son rapport en lieu et place de celui de l'administrateur.
Lorsque le tribunal décide la résolution du plan en application du troisième alinéa du I de l'article L. 626-27, il ouvre, dans le même jugement, une procédure, selon le cas, de redressement judiciaire ou de liquidation judiciaire du débiteur.
Le jugement est signifié à la diligence du greffier dans les huit jours de son prononcé aux personnes qui ont qualité pour interjeter appel, à l'exception du ministère public.
Il est communiqué aux personnes mentionnées à l'article R. 621-7.
Le jugement qui décide la résolution du plan fait l'objet des publicités prévues à l'article R. 621-8.


--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 3 days20 hrs (2012-06-05 05:50:42 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------

SOunds very much like there has been a "plan de redressement/sauvegarde/continuation", whatever. The Code de Commerce references indicate some of the situations in which the court can make a "résolution".

I have very little doubt now that one of these situations is being referred to. The term "resolution" should be eratined, however, I would vote some form of words to make it clear that this is a rsolution of the court, just as the order is a court order, in order to make it perfectly clear that this is nothing to do with a member's resolution.

Consider my confidence level notched up from 2 to 3!!!

--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 3 days20 hrs (2012-06-05 05:56:50 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------

"eratined"? (Nervous today as I have an exam this afternoon!) Should read "retained".

--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 3 days21 hrs (2012-06-05 06:37:16 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------

If this meeaning is accepted, then perhaps rather than the term "resolution" in English, which could be considered as a false friend, in view of the potential confusion in context, then perhaps one of the following terms may be adopted :

revocation, termination, cancellation, withdrawal

See also : http://www.dictionnaire-juridique.com/definition/resolution....

I like "revocation", offers are revoked, a plan can be too.

--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 3 days21 hrs (2012-06-05 07:10:36 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------

"compulsory winding-up by revocation (of the plan and/or by the court) or by court order"
Peer comment(s):

agree Peter Shortall : I agree with your final comments about the meaning of "résolution", it does mean cancellation. What is cancelled is the "plan de redressement" (reorganisation/recovery plan). Liquidation is ordered when the recovery plan has failed.
2611 days
Something went wrong...
-2
15 hrs

(members') voluntary winding up

Declined
To make it shorter, you need to look at the whole of:
"liquidation judiciaire par résolution ou par ordonnance"
which gives:
"voluntary or compulsory winding-up"

"liquidation judiciaire par résolution"="voluntary winding-up" decided voluntarily by the business itself, by a resolution taken by members of the company,

"liquidation judiciaire par ordonnance"="compulsory winding-up" imposed by a state authority - by a decision of a Court or possibly by Companies House in UK .



--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 13 days (2012-06-14 23:11:47 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------

The final reference is the Law as published by the Parliament:

Extracts from: Companies Act 2006

[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/46/section/228/enac...]

“Part V Winding Up(i) Preliminary

211 Modes of winding up
(1)The winding up of a company may be either—
(a)by the court; or
(b)voluntary; or
(c)subject to the supervision of the court.

(2)......
-----
(ii) Winding Up by the Court
Petition for Winding Up and Effects thereof
- - - -
Consequences of Winding-up Order


(iii) Voluntary Winding Up
Resolutions for
, and Commencement of, Voluntary Winding Up

278.Circumstances in which company may be wound up voluntarily

Provisions applicable to a Members' Voluntary Winding Up

284.Provisions applicable to a members' winding up
------"

or if you don't fancy wading through tens of pages of legalese

there is pretty good entry in Wikipedia giving a wider view of the subject of ending the existence of company.

“In law, liquidation is the process by which a company (or part of a company) is brought to an end, and the assets and property of the company redistributed. Liquidation is also sometimes referred to as winding-up or dissolution,”

Liquidation may either be compulsory (sometimes referred to as a creditors' liquidation) or voluntary (sometimes referred to as a shareholders' liquidation, although some voluntary liquidations are controlled by the creditors, see below).
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidation]
Example sentence:

si étant une société, il est mis en liquidation judiciaire par résolution ou par ordonnance

if, being a company, it is subjected to voluntary or compulsory winding-up

Peer comment(s):

disagree Nikki Scott-Despaigne : Note in En, a "compulsory winding up" can occur upon petition by the company, following a directors meeting :http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/manuals/insmanual/ins1510.htm In context, meaning of "résolution" in Fr not same as "resolution" in En. Cf my post. Not vol
6 hrs
Look at the wording of the Companies Act rather than comments; This is the ONLY ambiguous comment you'll find.
disagree Germaine : the question is for liquidation judiciaire par résolution ou par ordonnance (autre que liquidation volontaire. i.e. forced liquidation vs. voluntary liquidation. Liquidation judiciaire par résolution = board/members asks the court to proceed
2 days 22 hrs
WHERE is the contradiction? "Liquidation judiciaire par résolution = board/members asks the court to proceed" YES!!! So board members do it on their own volition, that’s why it’s called VOLUNTARY as opposed to COMPULSORY i.e. IMPOSED by the court)
Something went wrong...

Reference comments

22 mins
Reference:

Liquidation judiciaire

La liquidation judiciaire intervient sur décision du tribunal qui constate d'une part la cessation de paiements c'est-à-dire lorsque le passif exigible est supérieur à l'actif disponible de l'entreprise, et l'impossibilité de son redressement.
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidation

Liquidation judiciaire en droit français
La liquidation d'une société est l'opération qui consiste par un tribunal à vendre les actifs d'une société en faillite, et de mettre fin à l'existence de cette société. En France, les bases de cette procédure sont énoncées dans le code de commerce, livre VI, titre IV, et est exécutée en partie devant le tribunal de commerce.
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidation_judiciaire_en_droit...
Something went wrong...
Term search
  • All of ProZ.com
  • Term search
  • Jobs
  • Forums
  • Multiple search