Non-PRO English to Serbian Social Sciences History socijalna ekskluzivnost u ustanovama obrazovanja

Within systems of open entry, circles of informal but definite exclusiveness thus had to be established. This was easiest in a country like England, which lacked public primary education until 1870 (school attendance was not compulsory for another twenty years), public secondary education outside the two ancient universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Numerous strikingly misnamed 'public schools' were founded for the model of the nine ancient foundations recognized as such in 1870, and already (especially Eton) nurseries of the nobility and gentry. By the early 1990s they expanded to a list of - depending on the degree of exclusiveness or snobbery - anything between 64 and some 160 more or less expensive schools claiming such status, and deliberately training their pupils as members of a ruling class. A body of similar private secondary schools, mainly in the north-eastern USA, also prepared the sons of good, or at any rate rich, families for the final polish of private elite universities.

Within these, as within the large body of German university students, even more exclusive groups were recrutied by private associations such as the student 'Korps' or the more prestigious Greek Letter fraternities - whose place in the old English universities was taken by residential 'colleges'. The late-nineteen-century bourgeoisies were thus a curious combination of educationally open and closed societies ...