Or “school graduation examination social sciences”. You could add “course” optionally.
It's a bit of a mouthful, but it's more an explanatory translation of something that is quite different to a UK qualification, for example. It doesn't really have a direct translation.
Since the word “maturita” means nothing to an English speaker and refers to the examination at the end of a Czech/Slovak grammar school, it can be translated as “school leaving examination” or “school graduation examination”.
In the UK, compulsory school finishes at 16, when you should take ordinary level general certificates of education - GCEs. If you choose to go on, at sixth form college you can take an advanced level GCE at 18. However, these are not strictly “graduation” or “leaving” exams for a particular school or a requirement to finish school, but state-wide qualifications. The A-level GCE is the closest to the maturita.
Your term refers to social sciences taken at maturita level - school graduation/leaving examination level