English to Spanish Medical Medical (general) Comentarios sobre estudios clínicos

Las oraciones siguientes aparecen en la columna "Comentarios" de un cuadro con resúmenes de estudios clínicos:

1) Insufficient information to establish causality and **confounded by indication**. Although some details are available, they are not linked to patients.

2) Side effects were reported while on therapy but no specific persistency details were provided and **confounded by indication**.

Referencias:

Navarro: Confound = desconcertar, sorprender, frustrar, desbaratar, echar por tierra o dificultar la interpretación, según el contexto.

Link: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40471-013-0004-y
Confounding by indication is defined as a bias in the treatment-intended outcome relationship due to the clinical reasons for the treatment, with the indication for treatment based on physician and patient perceptions of disease severity and prognosis, including the presumed therapeutic effect of the intervention. Confounding occurs because the treatment and the indication are closely correlated, and a greater intensity of the indication presages a higher rate of the undesired outcome.

Muchas gracias por su ayuda.