A pasante is a candidate for a degree who has passed all the courses, but still needs a thesis or internship or social service in order to finish. When you are a doctoral student, this is called also a ABD, "all but dissertation". I cannot come up with something better for "Formación y Práctica Docente", which I take it to mean both classroom instruction and practical experience (student teaching). I don't know of any master's program where you could get a similar degree. Perhaps another colleague can be of more assistance.

Reference: http://www.unb.ca/aarao/survey10.htm


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Note added at 1 hr (2009-04-24 17:23:49 GMT)
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Sorry about the link. Here's a better reference with a link from Mexico:

Calidad del alumno que ha cubierto casi la totalidad de los créditos o asignaturas de un plan de estudios, además le falta cumplir con otros requisitos como tesis, servicio social, etc.

www.uaeh.edu.mx/universidad/glosario.htm

Las prácticas docentes son las que hace el "student teacher".

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Note added at 3 hrs (2009-04-24 19:22:34 GMT)
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Note: You find this type of situation in Modern Languages (BA and MA, major Teaching) :-).