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English to Japanese - Rates: 0.08 - 0.12 USD per word / 30 - 35 USD per hour Japanese to English - Rates: 0.08 - 0.12 USD per character / 30 - 35 USD per hour
English to Japanese: Refinement method of lactide and food additive lactide
Source text - English Technical field
This invention is about a method of producing high contents of L - lactide and/or D – lactide, which is related to a method of refining dimer cyclic ester of lactic acid. This invention is primarily concerned with the refinement method of lactide of high purity for the food additive.
In addition, this invention regards also any food additives using lactide.
Background technology
Lactide has been useful raw materials to produce polylactic acid that is the biodegradable polymer. Precisely, polylactic acid is produced by means of ring opening polymerization of lactide. Other than the production of polylactic acid, lactide will be expected to use in producing food additives such as retention stabilization medicine, pH conditioner, solidification medicine, acidulants, expansion auxiliary substance.
Lactide is a double annulus condition ester of lactic acid, which is composed of three kinds of optical isomers: L-, D-, and meso-lactides (L-lactide consisting of two molecule of lactic acid, D-lactide consisting of two molecules of lactic acid, and meso-lactide consisting of L and D lactic acids).
Commonly, lactide is produced by the following processes. Dehydrate and condense lactic acid to get polylactic acid. The polylactic acid is relatively low molecular weight, which will be an intermediate form. Next, depolymerize the intermediate form and then lead to cyclization reaction on it, which produces lactide. Removes the lactide outside the reaction system to make it steam. It is generally known as the reactive distillation method.
Source text - English Now that Finland has become the center of European chemical regulation, it is very likely that players in the chemical industry will need to deal with Finns. Fortunately, Finns are generally well educated, highly skilled and easy to get along with. However, to get the most out of cooperation, it would be desirable to know something about their business and cultural customs and traditions.
Liisa Salo-Lee, Professor of Intercultural Communications at the University of Jyväskyla, is a consultant to various private and public companies, institutions and organizations. She lists some of the key elements to success.
1. Time. Finns highly appreciate punctuality, planning far ahead and following deadlines. When a meeting starts at 9.00 you are expected to be there on time. If you come 15 minutes late, they may wonder about your dependability. One of the reasons behind this kind of thinking is due to the extremely cold winter weather. If it’s -20 degrees, you don’t want to wait too long for a bus. Being schedule-conscious and able to plan ahead has long been a matter of survival.
2. Task or relationship focus. Finns are generally most comfortable when they can focus on a task until completion. Relationships are not prioritized in the work context as in some other cultures. Finns may start a project together and upon completion will go out together to eat. In France or Italy, for instance, partners would start by eating together and then work on the project. Because they believe a good relationship makes the project work more smoothly.
3. Succinct communication. The quantity of oral communication is often minimal. Finns often say things in the shortest way possible. Very obvious statements are avoided such as, “Are you reading a book?” Finns appreciate a person who says what he means and means what he says. This may seem rude at the beginning, but some foreign businesspersons learn to appreciate the “not waste someone’s time” way of communicating.
4. Passive information gathering strategies. In many cultures, interactive information gathering is the norm, where the person will ask direct questions (Who are you? What are you doing? Where are you from? etc.) to get the desired information. A Finn would rather get the information by observation and not asking too many questions.
5. Being independent. “Manage it alone” is seen as the optimal way. Finns work independently without much need for supervision. They prefer not to interfere with the processes of coworkers and colleagues. Others may find it disturbing when a Finn does not give any feedback.
6. Egalitarianism. Finland is a low power distance culture. The use of first names is believed to be a way of promoting a friendly and open atmosphere. Superior position or age does not call for special behavior as in Asia.
These are, of course, generalizations and Professor Salo-Lee would be quick to point out that a new generation of Finns is learning to be more multi-task oriented, more talkative and more able to build up strong relationships with counterparts in order to meet the global challenges of today.
Translation - Japanese フィンランドはヨーロッパの化学規制の中心地になっているので、化学工業関係の方々がフィンランド人と取り引きする傾向が非常に高い。 幸いにも、フィンランド人は一般的に非常に教養が高く、仕事等熟練しており、なおかつ折り合いもよくやり易いようです。 しかしながら、多くの協調性を得るためには彼らのビジネスや文化的な習慣および伝統等知っていることが好ましいのです。
Liisa Salo-Lee, はJyväskylaの大学の異文化間コミュニケーション学の教授でさまざまな民間または公共の企業、学校および組合へコンサルタントである。 フィンランド人とうまく仕事が運べるための成功の秘訣としてのいくつかを表示します。
I was born and raised in Japan. When I was 22 years old, I moved to the United States. Since then, I have been living in the United States for 23 years. Because of the 23 years of experience living in English environment, I can understand English language pretty well. I also completed a college education to get B.S. degree in the United States, which definitely has enhanced my English skills. When it comes to subject field in general, I should be able to translate English into Japanese impeccably.
