捐纳制度
English translation: system of sales of degrees and ranks in the Qing period
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| 08:14 Jan 22, 2008 |
| Chinese to English translations [PRO] Art/Literary - History / 中国历史:康熙的统一事业 | |||||||
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|  Selected response from: Paul Frank (X) Local time: 07:02 | ||||||
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| 3 +3 | system of sales of degrees and ranks in the Qing period? |
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| 4 +1 | subscription system |
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| 4 | taxation |
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Answers
9 mins confidence: 
taxation Explanation: http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573037/Taxation.html Taxation, system of raising money to finance government. All governments require payments of money—taxes—from people. Governments use tax revenues to pay soldiers and police, to build dams and roads, to operate schools and hospitals, to provide food to the poor and medical care to the elderly, and for hundreds of other purposes. Without taxes to fund its activities, government could not exist. |
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35 mins confidence: peer agreement (net): +1
peer agreement (net): +1subscription system Explanation: 国内文献上是这么翻的，个人认为比较准确。捐纳制度不是一般意义上的税收制度，而是通过卖官鬻爵来获得财政收入。 http://baike.baidu.com/view/808511.html 捐纳制度 【简介】 捐纳，又叫赀选、开纳，有时也称捐输、捐例，即人们所说的卖官鬻爵。它通常由政府条订事例，定出价格，公开出售，并成为制度，这就是捐纳制度。 【历史】 捐纳开办由来已久，早在秦汉时就已出现。 【清代捐纳制度】 捐纳制度在清朝是一个很重要的制度，它和科举制度互相补充，一部分人通过科举考试做官，一部分人通过捐纳制度做官，还有一些其他途径。始于顺治朝，完备于康熙、雍正、乾隆三朝，冗滥于咸丰、同治两朝，终于宣统]朝。它与科举、荫袭、保举同为清朝选拔官吏的三个重大途径，存在了两百多年，对于清代的社会政治，尤其是晚清的社会政治、经济、文化产生过非常广泛而深刻的影响。 【清朝捐纳制度的特点】 1. 统一管理: 包括统一捐项，统一主管，统一入库，统一政策，统一资证。 2. 明码标价。什么官，多少钱，是有规定的。 3. 官多缺儿少。捐的官很多，那个缺儿，位置，真正的落实到就职少了。 4. 捐纳泛滥。它开始时，有例捐，有常捐。后来很多例捐就变成常捐，这就越捐越滥。 【清朝捐纳制度的弊端】 1. 在财政上，饮鸩止渴。捐纳的本来的意思是解决财政上不足，捐的结果一时财政稍好一点，但是，是饮鸩止渴，后患无穷 2. 在文化上，斯文扫地。 3. 在吏治上，贪污腐败。 4. 在政治上，丧失民心。 捐纳制度与清末新政Subscription System and New Policies in the Late ...- [ Translate this page ] 捐纳制度是清政府一大弊政,存在有二百余年.延至清末,它完全成为清政府难以根治的恶痰.在清政府进行的王朝自我挽救的新政改革中,朝野上下对革除捐纳抱有热切的希望, ... scholar.ilib.cn/A-ybxyxb200608009.html |
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53 mins confidence: peer agreement (net): +3
peer agreement (net): +3system of sales of degrees and ranks in the Qing period? Explanation: Might this be the sale of degrees and ranks to increase government revenues? The Qing historian William Rowe translates juanna zhidu as "system of sales of degrees and ranks in the Qing period." I've also come across "system of purchasing offices by contributions during the Qing period" for juanna zhidu. |
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