English to Russian Social Sciences Social Science, Sociology, Ethics, etc. questionnaires

Reverse-keyed items are items for which respondents’ scores have to be recoded (i.e., reflected about the midpoint of the rating scale) in order for all the items in a multi-item scale to have the same directional relationship with the underlying construct of interest. The use of reverse-keyed items (also called oppositely-keyed, reversed-polarity, reverse-worded, negatively worded, negatively-keyed, keyed-false, or simply reversed items) is sometimes recommended to disrupt non-substantive responding and to enable the detection and control of aberrant response behavior when it occurs (e.g., Nunnally, 1978, Chapter 15; Paulhus, 1991).

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3042/070c17ac1b166e4de52ec3...