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English to Indonesian: ACTIVE Study May Provide Clues to Help Older Adults Stay Mentally Sharp General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical (general)
Source text - English The phrase “use it or lose it” may make you think of your muscles, but scientists who study brain health in older people have found that it may apply to cognitive skills as well. In 2006, scientists funded by NIA and the National Institute of Nursing Research completed a study of cognitive training in older adults. This study, the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) study, was the first randomized controlled trial to demonstrate long-lasting, positive effects of brief cognitive training in older adults.
The ACTIVE study included 2,802 healthy adults age 65 and older who were living independently. Participants were randomly assigned to four groups. Three groups took part in up to 10 computer-based training sessions that targeted a specific cognitive ability—memory, reasoning, and speed of processing (in other words, how fast participants could respond to prompts on a computer screen). The fourth group (the control group) received no cognitive training. Sixty percent of those who completed the initial training also took part in 75-minute “booster” sessions 11 months later. These sessions were designed to maintain improvements gained from the initial training.
The investigators tested the participants at the beginning of the study, after the initial training and booster sessions, and once a year for 5 more years. They found that the improvements from the training roughly counter- acted the degree of decline in cognitive performance that would be expected over a 7- to 14-year period among older people without dementia:
■ Immediately after the initial training, 87 percent of the processing-speed group, 74 percent of the reasoning group, and 26 percent of the memory group showed improvement in the skills taught.
■ After 5 years, people in each group performed better on tests in their respective areas of training than did people in the control group. The reasoning and processing-speed groups who received booster training had the greatest benefit.
The researchers also looked at the training’s effects on participants’ everyday lives. After 5 years, all three groups who received training reported less difficulty than the control group in tasks such as preparing meals, managing money, and doing housework.
However, these results were statistically significant for only the group that had the reasoning training.
As they get older, many people worry about their mental skills getting “rusty.” The ACTIVE study offers hope that cognitive training may be useful because it showed that relatively brief and targeted cognitive exercises can produce lasting improvements in the skills taught. Next steps for researchers are to deter- mine ways to generalize the training benefits beyond the specific skills taught in ACTIVE and to find out whether cognitive training programs could prevent, delay, or diminish the effects of AD.
Translation - Indonesian Ungkapan “gunakan atau tinggalkan” mungkin membuat Anda berpikir tentang otot Anda, namun para ilmuwan yang mempelajari otak sehat pada orang lanjut usia telah menemukan jika hal tersebut juga mungkin berlaku pada keahlian kognitif. Pada tahun 2006, peneliti yang didanai oleh NIA dan National Institute of Nursing Research menyelesaikan sebuah penelitian tentang pelatihan kognitif pada orang lanjut usia. Penelitian Advance Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly = Penelitian Kognitif Lanjutan untuk Orang Tua yang Mandiri dan Sehat (ACTIVE) ini, adalah percobaan kontrol acak pertama untuk mendemonstrasikan efek postif jangka panjang dari pelatihan kognitif singkat pada orang lanjut usia.
Penelitian ACTIVE meliputi 2.802 orang lanjut usia sehat yang berumur 65 tahun ke atas yang hidup mandiri. Peserta dibagi secara acak ke dalam 4 grup. Tiga kelompok ambil bagian hingga 10 sesi pelatihan berbasis komputer yang menargetkan kemampuan kognitif khusus-mengingat, membuat keputusan dan kecepatan memproses (dengan kata lain, seberapa cepat partisipan bisa merespon instruksi pada layar komputer). Kelompok ke-empat (grup kontrol) tidak menerima pelatihan kognitif. Enam puluh persen peserta yang menyelesaikan pelatihan awal juga ambil bagian dalam sesi “booster” selama 75 menit pada 11 bulan kemudian. Sesi-sesi ini dirancang untuk mempertahankan kemajuan yang didapat dari pelatihan awal.
Peneliti menguji partisipan pada tahap awal studi, setelah pelatihan awal dan sesi booster, setiap satu tahun sekali selama 5 tahun selanjutnya. Mereka menemukan bahwa peningkatan dari pelatihan secara kasar menurunkan tingkat kemunduran kognitif yang diperkirakan akan meningkat dalam rentang waktu 7 sampai 14 tahun pada orang lanjut usia yang tidak memiliki penyakit dementia:
■ Segera setelah pelatihan awal, 87% kelompok kecepatan memproses, 74% kelompok pembuat keputusan, dan 26% kelompok mengingat menunjukkan peningkatan pada keahlian yang diajarkan.
■ Setelah 5 tahun, orang dalam masing-masing kelompok mendapatkan hasil tes lebih baik pada area pelatihan mereka daripada orang-orang dalam grup kontrol. Kelompok pembuat keputusan dan kecepatan memproses yang menerima pelatihan booster mendapat manfaat paling besar.
Para peneliti juga melihat efek pelatihan pada kehidupan sehari-hari para partisipan. Setelah 5 tahun, tiga kelompok yang menerima pelatihan dilaporkan mengalami lebih sedikit kesulitan dalam melaksanakan tugas seperti menyiapkan makanan, mengatur keuangan, dan melakukan pekerjaan rumah tangga dibandingkan grup kontrol. Namun, hasil ini secara statistik hanya berlaku pada kelompok yang mendapat pelatihan pembuat keputusan.
Semakin menua, banyak orang khawatir kemampuan mental mereka semakin ‘berkarat’. Penelitian ACTIVE menawarkan harapan jika pelatihan kognitif mungkin bermanfaat karena itu menunjukkan bahwa pelatihan kognitif terarah bisa menghasilkan peningkatkan pada keahlian yang ajarkan. Langkah selanjutnya bagi para peneliti adalah menentukan cara memperluas manfaat pelatihan di luar keahlian khusus yang diajarkan dalam ACTIVE dan mencari tahu apakah program pelatihan kognitif bisa mencegah, menunda, atau mengurangi efek penyakit Alzheimer.
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Years of experience: 9. Registered at ProZ.com: May 2014.
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Hi my name is Selfi.
Language has always been my love, like translating as my passion. Before, I was translating in varying field for my friends, or workmate; from school's assignments, work document, to drama subtitle- yes, for free. But now, I am trying to be professionally paid freelancer.
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Keywords: Indonesian, Bahasa Indonesia, English, Education, Literary, Novel, Teaching
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