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English to Chinese: English to Chinese translation NZ1 General field: Social Sciences Detailed field: Social Science, Sociology, Ethics, etc.
Source text - English AIDS Hitting African Farm Sector Hard
Once a largely urban problem, AIDS has moved to rural areas in developing countries, devastating thousands of farming communities and leaving impoverished survivors scarcely able to feed themselves. The disease is no longer a health problem alone, but is having a measurable impact on food production, household food security and rural people’s ability to make a living.
The latest statistical evidence on sub-Saharan Africa—the worst-hit region—confirms the scale of the epidemic’s impact on the countryside.
It is estimated that over half of the 28 million people living with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa live in rural areas. In order to estimate such figures, epidemiologists start with data taken from tests done on blood samples from pregnant women attending prenatal clinics. They then extrapolate the figures to estimate infection rates in larger areas. Recent findings point to two of the hardest-hit countries—Zimbabwe and Swaziland.
“This is a real wake-up call for governments,” says an expert on AIDS. “Policymakers are guided by evidence. Solid evidence is now coming in and will make governments understand how rural areas are actually more vulnerable to AIDS than urban areas.”
Recent reports from other African countries show a similar pattern of rampant rural infection.
Poverty underlies the suffering and devastation behind these figures. The HIV/AIDS epidemic cannot be addressed without doing something about rural livelihoods: how people make their living, how they get enough food, what strategies they follow in order to survive.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is currently formulating pilot projects that will test labor-saving techniques and how-input agriculture in African and Asian communities hard hit by the epidemic. Other priorities for the FAO HIV/AIDS program include building up institutions that help rural communities, improving nutrition, addressing gender inequalities in access to productive resources (especially land) and helping devastated communities find a way to pass on farming knowledge to the young.
English to Chinese: English to Chinese translation NZ2 General field: Science
Source text - English Aging: Cognitive Areas
Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory. This is true regardless of age.
People will be alert and receptive if they are faced with information that gets them to think about things they are interested in. And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.
Many experts are so convinced of the benefits of challenging the brain that they are putting the theory to work in their own lives. “The idea is not necessarily to learn to memorize enormous amounts of information,” says James Fozard, associate director of the National Institute on Aging. “Most of us don’t need that kind of skill. Such specific training is of less interest than being able to maintain mental alertness.” Fozard and others say they challenge their brain with different mental skills, both because they enjoy them and because they are sure that their range of activities will help their brains work.
Gene Cohen, acting director of the same institute, suggests that people in their old age should engage in mental and physical activities individually as well as in groups. Cohen says that we are frequently advised to keep physically active as we age, but older people need to keep mentally active as well. Those who do are more likely to maintain their intellectual abilities and to be generally happier and better adjusted. “The point is, you need to do both,” Cohen says. “Intellectual activity actually influences brain-cell health and size.”
Translation - Chinese 认知领域的衰老研究
研究人员发现：人在思考问题的时候，大脑会出现某些生物化学方面的变化，以便能够在注意力、记忆力等认知领域有更有效的表现。该发现适用于任何年龄阶段。
有些信息会引发人们关于有趣事物的思考。人们在面对这些信息时，通常反应较快，也比较乐于接受。年轻时用脑越多，年老后表现出的认知能力就越健全。
很多专家相信动脑有益，也的确把它沿用到了生活。“不一定是要学会大量记忆，”美国国家衰老研究所副主任詹姆斯·弗扎尔德说道，“大多数人是用不到大量记忆的。而且，专门的记忆训练也不如保持头脑灵活有趣。”弗扎尔德等人解释说他们之所以让大脑挑战各种脑力活动，不仅是因为享受挑战过程，也是因为确信脑力挑战有助于大脑的思维运作。
美国国家衰老研究所代理主任金·科恩建议所有的老人都积极参加脑力活动和体力活动。他表示很少有人去建议老年人维持脑力活动，但其实脑力活动的重要性丝毫不亚于体力活动。人一旦上了年纪，如果能同时维持脑力活动和体力活动，不但智力不容易下滑，而且也会表现出更强的幸福感和适应力。“关键在于体力活动和脑力活动要并驾齐驱。”科恩说，“实际上，智力活动影响着人的脑细胞健康和大小。”
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Years of experience: 9. Registered at ProZ.com: Oct 2019.
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Bio
Graduated from Shijiazhuang University in June 2014;
Becoming a full-time translator in December 2014;
Freelancing from October 2019.
2014年6月，毕业于石家庄学院；
2014年12月，成为全职译员；
今年10月，开启自由译者之路。
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