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English to Spanish: What Will it Take to End Child Marriages in Afghanistan? General field: Other Detailed field: Journalism
Source text - English Earlier this year, Afghanistan took an unprecedented policy step in the battle against the ‘child bride’ custom by launching the National Action Plan to Eliminate Early and Child Marriage. Activists are hopeful the plan will become more than a piece of paper, despite clear challenges ahead and the government's poor record for implementation.
Today, according to Girls Not Brides, one in three girls in the developing world are married before they turn 18. This practice is particularly an issue in Afghanistan, where the child marriage rate was 33% in 2016. Although rights groups claim that any marriage before 18 is a violation of human rights, it is still taking place today in Afghanistan, where the legal age of marriage for girls is set at 16 by the Afghan Civil Code.
Those unions typically take place in rural areas in Afghanistan, rather than in the big cities such as Kabul.
The National Plan was developed by the Ministry of Women’s Affairs and the Ministry of Information and Culture, and approved in April.
The First Lady of Afghanistan, Rula Ghani, has been one of the National Plan's strongest supporters:
“I urge all Afghan families to avoid child and forced marriages. Your girls face a huge risk when they get married at a young age. Early marriage robs them from their childhood and future opportunities.”
Eliminating child marriage and promoting education is one of 17 Sustainable Development Goals launched by the United Nations.
National Action Plans have a weak record in Afghanistan in terms of enforcement. Neither the 2007 National Action Plan for the Women of Afghanistan, nor the 2009 Law on the Elimination of Violence Against Women, nor the plan to enforce the pro-women United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 can be considered successes.
Moreover, the National Action Plan to Eliminate Early and Child Marriage in Afghanistan does not seem to be publicly available. Thus, it is hard for non-policymakers to determine if measures are being put in place to discourage child marriage, and what mechanisms there are to turn words into action.
Zahra’s story
Less than a year ago, on July 18, 2016, a story broke that Zahra, a 14-year-old girl who was married and four months pregnant had been burned to death (news report features distressing footage) by her husband’s family. Her father, Muhammad Azam, told the New York Times that her daughter’s in-laws, as well as her husband, stabbed and beat Zahra when she refused to work in the opium field because of her pregnancy.
Zahra’s father claimed his daughter was set on fire to cover up the physical abuse she had suffered before death.
Zahra was a victim of ‘baad’, a traditional practice which involves giving a girl to another family to resolve a dispute. Indeed, she was sold because her father eloped with a woman from Zahra’s husband’s family. She was used to settle the dispute between the two families.
Unfortunately, Zahra’s story is one of many. Each child bride has her own tale, but happy endings are a rarity.
Why are Afghan families selling off their daughters?
Many factors need to be taken into consideration when evaluating how families come to the decision to sell their daughters. However, it is important to note that the decision to sell off girls is nearly always made by the men of the family rather than by the women, who have little or no say.
The key factor is poverty. A lot of families in rural areas in Afghanistan sell off their daughters in exchange for money or livestock. In some cases, families cannot feed their children, so they have no choice but to sell them. Sheep, cows, and money, unfortunately, can be more valuable to Afghan fathers than their daughters.
Perhaps for this reason, Khan Wali Adil, a teacher and activist for women’s rights who camped out in front of the Afghan Parliament for a month in 2016 to protest against the traditional practice of “baad”, complained that in Afghanistan, “[girls] are treated like animals.”
A lot of child brides, like Zahra, fall into marriage as barter in “baad” debt-settling agreements.
In other cases, child brides are traded between families. For example, in Afghanistan, boys hold more ‘value’ than girls, thus sometimes, a father takes the initiative to exchange his daughter for a wife for his son. This practice is a traditional one, and is called “baadal.”
While both “baad” and “baadal” are prohibited by the 2009 Law on the Elimination of Violence Against Women, those practices still occur today.
Consequences of child marriage
The most obvious and potentially fatal consequence of child marriage is early pregnancy. The bodies of young girls are not mature enough to endure pregnancy or deliver a child. Girls who marry at a young age might also suffer from internal damage due to sexual violence.
The lack of medical facilities and proper medical care in rural areas compounds the problem because girls cannot get any treatment or assistance during their pregnancy and delivery, which often contributes to their death.
Some young girls also suffer physical and psychological abuse in their new families. In addition, because they ‘belong’ to a new family, they often cannot go to school and are not able to work. It is impossible for them to become financially independent.
Many girls believe that the only way out of a marriage is suicide. Bora Gull Heha was 16-years-old when she decided to set herself ablaze with an oil lamp.
Monika Hauser, the gynecologist who founded Medica Afghanistan, told Rawa News that “the suicide rate is rising particularly in towns because women are fighting against forced marriages there”. Girls who live in rural areas tend to be less educated and more likely to suffer in silence.
Written by
Anais Wardak
Translation - Spanish ¿Qué se necesita para eliminar el matrimonio infantil en Afganistán?
A principios de 2017, Afganistán dio un paso político sin precedentes en la lucha contra las “novias infantiles” a través del Plan de Acción Nacional para eliminar el matrimonio infantil y prematuro. Los activistas esperan que este plan se convierta en algo más que un papel pese a los desafíos que enfrentan y al antecedente débil por parte del Gobierno para implementar estas medidas.
Hoy en día, según Girls not bridges, una de cada tres niñas contrae matrimonio antes de los 18 años en los países en vías de desarrollo. Esta práctica es un problema, especialmente en Afganistán, donde la tasa de matrimonio infantil fue del 33% en 2016. Aunque los grupos defensores de derechos sostienen que todo matrimonio antes de los 18 años es una violación de los derechos humanos, el matrimonio infantil sigue teniendo lugar en Afganistán, donde la edad legal de las niñas para casarse son los 16 años, según establece el Código Civil del país.
Normalmente, esas uniones se llevan a cabo en áreas rurales más que en las ciudades grandes como Kabul.
El Ministerio de Asuntos de la Mujer junto con el Ministerio de Información y Cultura desarrollaron y aprobaron el plan nacional en el mes de abril.
La primera dama de Afganistán, Rula Ghani, es una de las defensoras más firmes del plan nacional:
Traducción Cita original
Exhorto a todas las familias afganas evitar el matrimonio infantil forzado. Sus niñas enfrentan un riesgo enorme cuando se casan a temprana edad. El matrimonio precoz les roba la niñez y las oportunidades futuras.
Eliminar el matrimonio infantil y promover la educación es uno de los 17 objetivos de desarrollo sostenible presentados a través de los objetivos de las Naciones Unidas para eliminar el matrimonio infantil y promover la educación.
En términos de cumplimiento, los planes de acción nacional tienen un antecedente muy deficiente en Afganistán. Ni el Plan de Acción para la Mujer de 2007 ni la ley sobre eliminación de la violencia contra la mujer de 2009 ni la aplicación de la Resolución 1325 del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas a favor de la mujer pueden considerarse exitosos.
Es más, el Plan de Acción Nacional para eliminar el matrimonio infantil a temprana edad en Afganistán parece no estar abiertamente disponible. De este modo, es difícil para los responsables no gubernamentales determinar si las medidas que están vigentes desalientan el matrimonio infantil y determinar qué mecanismos existen para transformar las palabras en acción.
La historia de Zahra
El 18 de julio de 2016, se dio a conocer la historia de Zahra, una niña de 14 años que se casó, cuatro meses más tarde quedó embarazada y luego murió quemada por la familia de su marido (el informe de noticias presenta material perturbador). El padre de Zahra, Muhammad Azam, declaró al New York Times que la familia política de su hija apuñalaron y golpearon a Zahra porque ella se negó a trabajar en el campo de opio por su embarazo.
El padre de Zahra afirmó que la quemaron para encubrir los abusos físicos que había sufrido antes de morir.
Zahra fue víctima del ‘baad’, práctica tradicional que implica ofrecer a la hija a otra familia para resolver un conflicto. En verdad, la vendieron porque su padre se fugó con una mujer de la familia del esposo de Zahra. Es decir, utilizaron a Zahra para resolver el conflicto entre las dos familias.
Desafortunadamente, la historia de Zahra es una de muchas que existen. Cada niña casada tiene su propia historia, pero los finales felices son inusuales.
¿Por qué las familias afganas venden sus hijas?
Existen muchos factores a tener en cuenta para analizar cómo las familias llegan a tomar la decisión de vender a sus hijas. Sin embargo, es importante saber que la decisión casi siempre la toma el hombre de la familia más que la mujer, que tiene poca o ninguna opción en estas decisiones.
El factor clave es la pobreza. Muchas familias en las áreas rurales venden sus hijas a cambio de dinero o ganado. En algunos casos, las familias no pueden alimentar a sus hijos, lo cual no les deja otra alternativa que venderlos. Lamentablemente, las ovejas, las vacas y el dinero pueden ser más valiosos que las propias hijas para los padres afganos.
Tal vez por esta razón, Khan Wali Adil, profesor y activista de derechos de la mujer, que instaló una carpa frente al Parlamento afgano durante un mes en 2016 para protestar contra la práctica tradicional “baad” se quejó: “las niñas son tratadas como animales en Afganistán”.
Mucha niñas casadas, como Zahra, caen en el matrimonio como parte del trueque en el “baad”, es decir, como parte de un acuerdo para resolver una deuda.
En otros casos, las niñas son intercambiadas entre familias. Por ejemplo, en Afganistán, los niños son más “valiosos” que las niñas, por lo que en ocaciones un padre toma la decisión de intercambiar a su hija por una esposa para su hijo. Esta práctica es típica y se llama “baadal“.
A pesar de que ambas prácticas, “baad” y “baadal”, están prohibidas por la ley de eliminación de la violencia contra la mujer de 2009, se siguen llevando a cabo en la actualidad.
Consecuencias del matrimonio infantil
La consecuencia más evidente y potencialmente fatal es el embarazo temprano. Los cuerpos de las niñas no están lo suficientemente desarrollados para sobrellevar un embarazo ni para dar a luz. Además, las niñas que contraen matrimonio a temprana edad pueden sufrir daños internos debido a la violencia sexual.
La falta de centros de salud y de atención médica adecuada en las zonas rurales agrava el problema, pues las niñas no reciben tratamiento ni asistencia médica durante el embarazo o al momento de dar a luz, lo que muchas veces las lleva a la muerte.
Algunas niñas sufren de abusos físicos y psicológicos por parte de las nuevas familias. Sumado a esto, como ellas pertenecen a la nueva familia, no pueden ir a la escuela ni pueden trabajar. Esto las imposibilita de lograr una independencia financiera.
Muchas niñas creen que la única manera de escapar de un matrimonio es el suicidio. Bora Gull Heha tenía 16 años cuando decidió quemarse viva con una lámpara de aceite.
Monika Hauser, ginecóloga fundadora de Medica Afghanistan, dijo a Rawa News que “la tasa de suicidio se eleva particularmente en las ciudades porque allí las mujeres luchan contra el matrimonio forzado”. En las áreas rurales las niñas tienden a ser menos instruidas y más propensas a sufrir en silencio.
Traducido por
Natalia Dominguez
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Bio
My unlimited curiosity is what drives the motivation I have for my profession. Reading, researching and learning about different fields of knowledge is imperative when working on translations and this how I tackle each project I get involved in.
Knowing that communication is complex but at the same time fascinating, I feel excited by the idea that my work shortens the distance existing between two languages and thereby facilitates communication.
Up until to now, I have previously worked on different projects mainly related to the following sectors: Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Journalism. Although, I have translated other types of texts related to other subject matters: Commerce, Education and Entertainment industry. I think it is crucial to keep myself updated and to provide adequate translations. That is why I spend much of my time on training, researching and learning about the translation field. I am committed to my work and the deadlines. Moreover, I consider myself flexible, diligent and willing to fulfill the particular demands that emerge from each project.
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