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Translation Volume: 300 pages Languages: English to Romanian
documentation related to the implementation of a solid waste management system
The financing was shared by means from the Romanian state budget as well as from the budget of the city of Piatra Neamt. Also the ISPA-Fond, established by the European Union to support structural policies in pre-accession countries, donated a certain amount to the project.
Under the leadership of DYWIDAG International GmbH, Germany, the execution of the project started in 2004 and was completed by mid 2006. The Joint Venture of DYWIDAG International GmbH, Heilit Umwelttechnik GmbH, Germany, and DIEKAT Construct, Romania, designed and executed all major civil works and supplied and installed the plants and equipment.
The scope of works involved construction works, supply and installation works as well as the implementation of a town-wide waste collection system including supply of the necessary equipment.
Environment & Ecology, Construction / Civil Engineering
No comment.
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Sample translations submitted: 1
English to Romanian: The Economist article
Source text - English Fighting Balassa-Samuelson
One problem is that accession countries can expect large capital inflows as investors bet on their convergence with the rest of Europe. This is likely to put upward pressure on exchange rates. But the inflows might then be reversed, sending the exchange rate down again. There is also the Balassa-Samuelson effect, which causes the real exchange rates of fast-growing countries to appreciate. Faster productivity growth in the tradable-goods sector leads to higher wages. Wages in the non-tradable sector then increase too, pushing up prices. The result is either a rising exchange rate – testing the limits of ERM2 – or rising inflation, which would conflict with another condition of euro membership. The authors say that the Balassa-Samuelson effect has raised real exchange rates by perhaps 2% a year. These rates have strengthened, on average, in recent years, but have also fluctuated.
Granted, once inside ERM2 applicants may call on the firepower of the ECB to fend off speculative attacks and keep their exchange rates inside the set limits. But rather than test ERM2's robustness, the authors suggest that unilateral adoption of the euro (euroisation), without joining the euro area, might be a better bet. Many “closet unilateralists” in the region's central banks deride the ERM2 requirement, given the special treatment accorded to Italy and Finland, which were allowed to join the euro before spending two years in ERM2's predecessor. Both the commission and the ECB dislike the idea of euroisation, but the authors think their objections are overstated.
For some countries, such as Estonia, which has a currency board backed by the euro, such a quick transition may make sense. For others, ERM2 may be an invitation for markets to make mischief – especially if they believe that the central parity is not sustainable. Given the capital inflows (and maybe outflows) that these countries can expect, and given the likely upward pressure on their real exchange rates as they get richer, the best course for some might be neither unilateral euroisation nor ERM2, but to let the exchange rate float – i.e., to wait and see.
Translation - Romanian Combaterea efectului Balassa-Samuelson
O problemă o constituie faptul că ţările în curs de aderare se pot aştepta la intrări importante de capital, deoarece investitorii pariază pe convergenţa lor cu restul Europei. Acest lucru poate să exercite o presiune asupra cursurilor de schimb, în sensul creşterii lor. Însă tendinţa intrărilor ar putea să fie apoi inversată, trăgând cursul de schimb înapoi. Intervine, de asemenea, efectul Balassa-Samuelson, care determină aprecierea cursului real de schimb în ţările cu o dezvoltare rapidă. O creştere mai rapidă a productivităţii în sectorul bunurilor comercializabile antrenează majorarea salariilor. Cresc apoi şi salariile din sectorul bunurilor necomercializabile şi, odată cu ele, şi preţurile. Rezultatul este o tendinţă de creştere fie a cursului de schimb, ceea ce ar pune la încercare limitele MCS II, fie a inflaţiei, situaţie incompatibilă cu o altă condiţie de apartenenţă la zona euro. Autorii sunt de părere că efectul Balassa-Samuelson a determinat creşterea cursurilor de schimb cu, probabil, 2% pe an. Aceste cursuri s au întărit, în general, în ultimii ani, dar au şi fluctuat.
Cert este că, odată intraţi în MCS II, solicitanţii pot apela la artileria BCE pentru a ţine la distanţă atacurile speculative şi pentru a menţine cursurile lor de schimb în limitele stabilite. Însă, în locul testării rezistenţei MCS II, autorii propun o soluţie mai bună: adoptarea unilaterală a monedei euro („euroizarea”), fără a adera la zona euro. Mulţi „unilateralişti nedeclaraţi” din cadrul băncilor centrale din regiune iau în derâdere cerinţa MCS II, dat fiind tratamentul special acordat Italiei şi Finlandei, cărora li s a permis să adopte moneda euro fără să petreacă cei doi ani în predecesorul MCS II. Nici Comisia şi nici BCE nu sunt adepte ale ideii de euroizare, însă autorii sunt de părere că obiecţiile lor sunt exagerate.
Pentru unele ţări, precum Estonia, cu un consiliu monetar bazat pe euro, o astfel de tranziţie rapidă este de înţeles. Pentru altele, MCS II poate fi o invitaţie adresată pieţelor să semene discordie, în special în cazul în care consideră că paritatea centrală nu poate fi susţinută. Având în vedere intrările (şi poate şi ieşirile) de capital la care aceste ţări se pot aştepta, precum şi posibila presiune de creştere a cursurilor lor de schimb efective, exercitată odată cu dezvoltarea lor, soluţia cea mai bună, pentru unii, ar fi nu euroizarea unilaterală, nici MCS II, ci să se dea frâu liber cursului de schimb, cu alte cuvinte să aştepte şi să vadă ce se întâmplă.
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Bachelor's degree - University AL. I. Cuza of Iasi, Romania
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Years of experience: 11. Registered at ProZ.com: Aug 2005.
Romanian to English (Romanian Ministry of Justice) Romanian to French (Romanian Ministry of Justice) Romanian to English (Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iași) Romanian to English (Romanian Ministry of Justice) French to Romanian (Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iași)
French to Romanian (Romanian Ministry of Justice) English to Romanian (Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iași) English to Romanian (Romanian Ministry of Justice) Romanian to French (Romanian Ministry of Justice) French to Romanian (Romanian Ministry of Justice) English to Romanian (Romanian Ministry of Justice) Romanian to French (Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iași)
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