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Spanish to English: POLYSKIN X General field: Tech/Engineering
Source text - Spanish El asegurado Grupo Amcor Flexibles Hispania S.L. tenía como forma jurídica la Sociedad Limitada, con fecha de constitución de 20.07.1961 y disponía de un capital social totalmente desembolsado de 15.025.018 EUR, siendo su domicilio social C/ López Bravo, 68, 09001 BURGOS,
). Según los datos aportados por el último balance disponible en el Registro Mercantil (BORME), auditado por KPMG AUDITORES S.L. y facilitados por el Sr. ROIG durante nuestra visita, correspondientes al año 2005-06 (julio-junio), el asegurado tenía 937 empleados y tuvo una facturación de 201.929.347 EUR (equivalente a un incremento sobre el ejercicio 2004-05 de un 2.93 %), y con un resultado antes de impuestos de 10.158.595 EUR (equivalente a un incremento sobre el ejercicio 2004-05 de un 102.92 %) , lo que representaba un 5.03% sobre ventas.
Mientras que la planta de GRANOLLERS tuvo una facturación de 49.438.514 EUR, y con un resultado antes de impuestos de 1.403.646 EUR, lo que representaba un 2.84% sobre ventas, con la participación de un total de 252 empleados. Figuraban como accionistas AMCOR FLEXIBLES EUROPA SUR, S.A. en un 100%. Figuraba como Presidente D. Francisco Javier ROJO AZPIAZU.
El film plástico flexible “Polyskin X” era un producto compuesto, Figura nº 1, por un film plástico multicapa laminado formado por un Poliéster de 12 μ Saranizado (PVDC o Cloruro de Polivinilideno de 1 μ) por una parte, y por un Polietileno blanco de 60 μ por otra, laminados con un adhesivo a base de poliuretano de unas 2 μ de espesor, equivalentes a unos 3.5 g/m2. Por encima del Poliéster se imprimía con tintas de nitropoliuretano que se disolvían en acetato de etilo y por encima de ellas finalmente se extendía un barniz, tal como muestra la Foto nº 5. Las características técnicas del producto se recogen en el Anexo 3.
Figura nº 1
Foto nº 5
La función de la delgada capa de PVDC era conferir impermeabilidad a gases y aceites de humedad así como termosellabilidad. Entre sus principales ventajas permitía:
a) Mayor protección del producto envasado. El envase podía ser sometido a una manipulación más severa sin deteriorarse.
b) Conservaba por más tiempo intactas las características del producto: sabor, aroma, calidad, etc. y retardaba el vencimiento del mismo.
c) Minimizaba la penetración de oxígeno, permitiendo el envasado al vacío y la introducción de atmósferas modificadas.
d) Si el producto lo requiriera, podía actuar como barrera al paso de la luz, a los aromas, a la humedad y a la grasa.
e) Impresión de alta calidad gráfica, inclusive fotografías, con protección indeleble.
f) Mayor protección a los datos: marca, fecha de envasado, fecha de vencimiento, código de barras, peso neto, lista de ingredientes, información nutricional, etc.
Translation - English The insured company Grupo Amcor Flexibles Hispania S.L. has a legal status of Limited Company, dating as an association from 20.07.1961 and possessing a totally disbursed corporate capital of 15.025.018 EUROS. The registered office is located at C/ López Bravo, 68, 09001 BURGOS,
According to the information on the last available balance from the Commercial Registry (Official Bulletin of the Commercial Registry) audited by KPMG AUDITORES SL and made available to us by Mr ROIG during our visit, corresponding to the year 2005-06 (July – June), the insured company had a total of 937 employees, and a turnover of 201.929.347 EUROS (this figure shows an increase of 2.93% on the previous tax year of 2004-05), and with a pre-tax profit of 10.158.595 EUROS (which shows an increase of 102.92% when compared to the tax year of 2004-05) , which represents 5.03% of sales.
Meanwhile, the GRANOLLERS plant had a turnover of 49.438.514 EUROS, with a pre-tax profit of 1.403.646 EUROS, which represents 2.84% of sales, with the participation of a total of 252 employees. AMCOR FLEXIBLES EUROPA SUR, S.A. is a 100% shareholder in the company and the title of president is held by Mr Francisco Javier ROJO AZPIAZU.
The flexible plastic film “Polyskin X” was a product comprising of a multi-layered laminated plastic film Figure no. 1 made up in part of a Saran-coated Polyester of 12 μ (PVDC or Polyvinylidene Chloride of 1 μ) and also of white Polyethylene of 60 μ, laminated with an adhesive made up of polyurethane of approximately 2 μ in density, equivalent to about 3.5 g/m2. Dyes of nitro polyurethane were used to print on top of the polyester which were dissolved in ethyl acetate and finally covered by a varnish as demonstrated in photo no.5. The technical characteristics of the product can be found in Annex 3.
Figura nº 1
Foto nº 5
The function of the thin layer of PVDC was to stop¹ gases and oils or dampness from reaching the product as well as offering a thermo seal protection. The main advantages of this are as follows:
a) Increased protection of the packaged product. The packaging can be subject to rougher handling without causing deterioration.
b) Ability to conserve the product’s characteristics intact for a longer period of time: flavour, aroma, quality and so on, slowing down the process of perishing.
c) Minimizing the penetration of oxygen, allowing for vacuum packaging and the introduction of modified atmospheres.
d) If the product so required, the packaging could act as a barrier to light, aroma, damp or fat.
e) High quality graphic printing, including photographs, with indelible protection.
f) Better protection of the product information: brand name, packaging date, sell-by date, barcode, net weight, list of ingredients, nutritional information and so on.
Spanish to English: Peru General field: Social Sciences Detailed field: Tourism & Travel
Source text - Spanish CAMINO QUE NOS UNE
Conocer el Qhapaq Ñan es comprender gran parte de nuestra historia y la magnitud de nuestra herencia andina. Es entender lo bien organizados que se encontraban nuestros antepasados y cómo a partir de esta red vial los pueblos contemporáneos todavía pueden seguir tejiendo un futuro de esperanza.
CONOCIENDO EL LEGADO
El Qhapaq Ñan, que en quechua también significa "El Gran Camino", está constituido por un complejo sistema vial (caminos preincaicos e incaicos) que durante el siglo XV los incas unificaron y constituyeron como parte de un gran proyecto político, militar, ideológico y administrativo que se conoció como Tawantinsuyu.
Esta red de caminos permitía el acceso a la información y circulación de productos necesarios para la vida de todo territorio. El camino hacía posible que desde el Cusco, los Incas administraran territorios ubicados a miles de kilómetros. Por estas vías se enviaban chasquis o mensajeros, se recibían los beneficios del tributo o el trabajo itinerante y se desplazaban los ejércitos.
Este sistema vial tenía como eje central el Camino Longitudinal de la Sierra, desde donde se desprendía una serie de caminos secundarios o transversales hacia diversas zonas del Tawantinsuyu.
La inmensa infraestructura caminera estaba también conformada por calzadas, escalinatas, muros de contención, drenajes y puentes, complementado con la presencia de tambos (estancias), qolqas (almacenes), huacas y ushnus (espacios ceremoniales) los cuales son evidencia de la gran proeza de ingeniería caminera realizada por el hombre andino.
El diseño de los caminos no tuvo un solo patrón, sino que se adaptó a la geografía de la zona. El camino se construyó con la intención que perdurara con los años.
RECORRE EL CAMINO
La cifra inicial de la cantidad de kilómetros que comprendía el Qhapaq Ñan ha ido variando con los años y esto debido a las labores de reconocimiento y registro emprendidas en su inicio por el Instituto Nacional de Cultura y ahora por el Ministerio de Cultura.
Recordemos que el arqueólogo norteamericano John Hyslop, investigador del sistema vial inca, calculaba en su publicación "Qhapaq Ñan: el sistema vial inkaiko" (1992) que esta red tenía alrededor de 25 000 kilómetros en los seis países que atraviesa (Perú, Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia, Argentina y Chile).
Hoy en día esa cifra ha sido superada ampliamente y únicamente representaría el 30% de los caminos existentes en nuestro país. Actualmente, se calcula que solo el territorio peruano tendría 60 000 km.
Según datos del Ministerio de Cultura, la región Cusco, sede de la antigua capital imperial, ha registrado 10 598 km. de caminos; mientras que en nuestro territorio nacional se han identificado unos 14 781 km.
Es importante resaltar que aún falta reconocer y definir el camino en diversas áreas del territorio nacional.
Camino explorado por Qhapaq Ñan – Sede Nacional
Registro de caminos
Sede Nacional 14 781 km
Sede Cusco 10 598 km
Total 25 379 km
PRINCIPALES SITIOS ARQUEOLÓGICOS ASOCIADOS AL CAMINO
Pachacamac
Ubicado en Lurín, fue el principal santuario de la costa central durante más de mil quinientos años. Sus templos, entre los que destacan el Templo del Sol y el Acllawasi, eran visitados por una multitud de peregrinos para los grandes rituales andinos.
Huánuco Pampa
También conocido como Huánuco viejo. Era uno de los principales sitios a lo largo de la ruta Inca, en la zona del Chinchaysuyu. Durante el gobierno de Inca Pachacútec y Túpac Inca Yupanqui tuvo rango de capital imperial, centro administrativo y ceremonial.
Huaycán de Cieneguilla
Asentamiento importante del camino Inca que une el tramo de Pachacamac con Jauja. Está conformado por sectores residenciales, administrativos y ceremoniales muy típicos de la costa central durante el periodo tardío.
Cabeza de Vaca
Centro administrativo ceremonial más importante durante la época prehispánica y punto culminante del Gran Camino Inca de la Costa (Tumbes). La zona arqueológica está constituida por estructuras de piedra y adobe, destaca la Huaca del Sol.
Vilcashuamán
Ciudad incaica constituida en la provincia ayacuchana de Cangallo. Edificada en tiempos de los incas Túpac Yupanqui y Huayna Cápac (1 400 – 1 500 d.C.). Fue uno de los centros administrativos más importantes del Tawantinsuyu.
Tambo Colorado
Se localiza en el distrito de Humay (Pisco – Ica). Establecimiento inca conformado por conjuntos de habitaciones rodeadas por un muro perimétrico y localizado alrededor de patios y de una plaza donde se construyó un ushnu. Su función fue controlar y administrar el valle de Pisco.
El Coricancha
Templo más importante de la religión Inca, llamado el Templo del Sol desde la Conquista. Albergó a las principales deidades de la religión estatal como el Sol, la Luna, el Rayo y las estrellas. Sus muros de fina piedra labrada estuvieron revestidos con planchas de oro.
Sillustani
Importante sitio Inca en la región Puno donde destacan las famosas chullpas o edificios circulares de doce metros de altura, construidos con piedras finamente labradas para contener los cuerpos momificados de los gobernantes Qollas.
PRINCIPALES MANIFESTACIONES CULTURALES
Anaco de Camilaca
Traje de origen prehispánico que aún se viste en el pueblo de Camilaca (Tacna). Está compuesto de diversas prendas que cubren todo el cuerpo de la mujer. Es confeccionado con lana de alpaca o carnero y se usan en las fiestas de Carnavales, pascuas, entre otras.
Cerámica tradicional Pupuja
Las comunidades de Pupuja y Santiago de Pupuja (Azángaro – Puno) cuentan con una larga tradición alfarera que data de la época precolombina. Destaca el famoso torito de Pucará que debe su nombre a que se comercializaba en la estación del tren de Pucará.
Festividad Memoria del Inca
Huánuco Pampa es cuna de grupos étnicos que han desarrollado danzas y fiestas en las que se representa al Inca y a las Pallas. Alrededor de estas existen numerosos relatos prehispánicos. Destaca la representación teatralizada de la captura y muerte de Atahualpa.
Cultura Chopcca
Los Chopcca son una etnia de Huancavelica que ha conservado con orgullo su cosmovisión, lengua, tradiciones, música y territorio. También se dedica al arte textil alcanzando alta calidad, estética y originalidad. Sus canciones tradicionales son parte importante de sus festividades.
Puente Q’eswachaka
Puente colgante ubicado sobre el río Apurímac en la provincia de Canas (Cusco). Mide alrededor de 28 m. de largo por 1.20. de ancho. Está hecho de fibras vegetales. Es renovado mediante la minka, ceremonia en la que participan todos los campesinos desde hace 600 años.
Tanta, en la ruta del Pariacaca
Tanta es un poblado de Yauyos que se ubica a un costado del camino que une Pachacamac con Jauja, conocido como la ruta de Pariacaca, por la presencia del nevado del mismo nombre. El camino continúa siendo una ruta de intercambio de productos entre poblaciones de la zona.
Translation - English Roads which unite us
Getting to know Qhapaq Ñan is to reach an understanding of a large part of our history and the magnitude of our Andean inheritance. It’s a way of realising how organised our ancestors were, and how, from this network of roadways, people nowadays can still bring about a future based upon hope.
LEARNING ABOUT THE LEGACY
Qhapaq Ñan, which in quechua means “The Great Roadway” (the main Andean road) is made up of a complex road system (pre-Inca and Inca roads) which were linked by the Incas during the 15th Century and were established as part of an important political, military, ideological and administrative project known as Tawantinsuyu.
This network of roadways permitted access to information and the circulation of products which were a necessary part of life throughout the land. Thanks to the road network the Incas were able to administrate territories located thousands of miles away from Cusco. Couriers or messengers were sent along the roads, the benefits of taxes or itinerant work were received, and armies moved around.
The central axis of the road system was the “Camino Longitudinal de la Sierra (the Longitudinal Path of the Sierra) from which a series of secondary or transverse roads traversed the different parts of Tawantinsuyu.
This immense infrastructure of roads was also made up of causeways, stairways, containing walls, drains and bridges, with the additional presence of roadside inns, golgas (storage spaces,) tombs and ushnus (a designated sacred central space in a public square), all of which is evidence of the great engineering road-building feat carried out by the Andean man.
The design of the roads didnot conform to one pattern, but was adapted to the geography of the area. The road was built with the intention to last for many years.
COVERING THE DISTANCE
The original number of kilometres which makes up Qhapaq Ñan has varied over the years due to the surveys carried out and records kept, initially by the National Institute of Culture, and latterly by the Ministry of Culture.
We should point out that in his publication "Qhapaq Ñan : el sistema vial inkaiko" ("Qhapaq Ñan : the Inca road system") (1992) the American archaeologist John Hyslop, who researched the Inca road system, calculated that the network was made up of around 25 000 kilometres along the 6 countries which it traversed (Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Columbia, Argentina and Chile).
Nowadays this number has been greatly surpassed and only represents 30% of the existing road system in our country. Currently, it is calculated that in the Peruvian territory alone there are 60 000 km of roadway.
According to data from the Ministry of Culture, the Cusco region, headquarters of the ancient imperial capital, has 10 598 km of roadway registered, while in our territory, around 14 781km have been identified.
It is important to stress that it is still necessary to identify and define the route in different parts of our national territory.
Explored pathways of Qhapaq Ñana – National Headquarters
Registry of Roads
National Headquarters 14 781 km
Cusco Headquarters 10 598 km
Total 25 379 km
MAIN ARCHAELOLGICAL SITES ASSOCIATED WITH THE ROAD
Pachacamac
Located in Lurín, it was the principal shrine of the central coast for more than one thousand five hundred years. Its temples, among which stand out the Temple of the Sun and Acllawasi, were visited by large crowds of pilgrims for the important Andean rituals.
Huánuco Pampa
Also known as Old Huánuco. It was one of the main sites along the Inca route, in the Chinchaysuyu area. During the Pachacútec and Túpac Incas it had the standing of an imperial capital and was an administrative and ceremonial centre.
Huaycán de Cieneguilla
This is an important settlement on the Inca path which joins together Pachacamac with Jauja. It is made up of residential, administrative and ceremonial sectors which were typical of the central coast in the later period.
Cabeza de Vaca
This was the most important administrative ceremonial centre during the Pre-hispanic period and was the highest point on the Great Inca Coastal Road. (Tumbes) The archaeological area is made up of stone and adobe structures of which the Sun Tomb stands out.
Vilcashuamán
Inca city established in the Ayacuchana province of Cangullo. Built in the time of the Túpac Yupanqui and Huayna Cápac Incas (1400-1500 AD) It was one of the most important administrative centres of Tawantinsuyu.
Tambo Colorado
It is located in the Humay district (Pisco-Ica) It is an Inca establishment made up of groups of rooms surrounded by a perimeter wall and located around patios and a square containing an ushnu (designated sacred central space in a public square). Its function was the control and administration of the Pisco valley.
El Coricancha
This is the most important temple of the Inca religion, named the Temple of the Sun since the Conquest. It housed the principal Gods of the state religion such as the Sun, Moon, Lightning and the Stars. Its walls of fine carved stone were coated with gold plate.
Sillustani
Important Inca site in the Puno region where the famous chullpas stand out – circular buildings of twelve metres in height, made from fine carved stone to contain the mummified bodies of the Qollas governors.
PRINCIPAL CULTURAL MANIFESTATIONS
Anaco de Camilaca
This is a costume of pre-hispanic origin which is still worn today in the village of Camilaca (Tacna) It is made up of different garments which cover the whole of a woman’s body. It is made from alpaca or ram’s wool and is used during festivals such as Carnival or Christmas, among others.
Traditional Pupuja Pottery.
The Pupuja and Santiago de Pupuja communities (Azángaro – Puno) have a long tradition of pottery which dates back to the pre-Columbian era. Emphasis should be placed on the famous Pucará little bull which owes its name to the fact that it was commercialised in Pucará train station.
The Inca Conmemoration Festival
Huánuco Pampa is the birthplace of ethnic groups who have developed dances and celebrations in which they represent the Inca and the Inca princesses. Many Pre-hispanic stories exist around this theme. The theatrical representation of the capture and death of Atahualpa stands out.
The Chopcca culture.
The Chopcca are an ethnic group from Huancavelica who have maintained with pride their world view, language, traditions, music and territory. They also dedicate their time to creating textiles of great quality, beauty and originality. Their traditional songs are an important part of their festivities.
Puente Q’eswachaka
This is a hanging bridge over the river Apurímac in the province of Canas (Cusco) It measures around 28 metres in length and 1.20 metres in width. It is made of vegetable fibres. It is renewed as part of the “minka” – a ceremony in which all the country people have participated in for the last 600 years.
Tanta, on the route of Pariacaca
Tanta is a village belonging to Yauyos which is located on one side of the road which links Pachacamac to Jauja, known as the route of Pariacaca, because of the presence of snow of the same name. The path is still used as a trading route between the villages of the area.
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