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Source text - English 13. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY AND INDEMNITY
13. 责任限制和赔偿
13.1. Save as expressly specified in clauses 13.2 to 13.7 inclusive, this clause shall apply to Supplier’s liability to XXX under this Agreement howsoever arising whether in contract, tort or otherwise including negligence, errors, omissions, acts, statements, advice or misrepresentation in performing the whole or any part of the Services.
13.1. 除13.2款到13.7款中有明文规定外，本13条的规定适用于供应商在本协议项下对XXX所负的责任，责任原因为提供全部或部分服务过程中合同或侵权等方面的原因，包括过失、过错、作为、不作为、声明、建议、错误陈述等。
13.2. Neither Party:
13.2. 任何一方当事人不得：
13.2.1. excludes or restricts liability for death or personal injury sustained by any employee, agent or subcontractor of either the other Party or a Client to the extent that its own negligence or that of its employees, agents or subcontractors causes death or injury;
13.2.1. 排除或限制本方在对方或客户的雇员、代理人或分包商伤亡事件中的责任，只要伤亡是由于本方或本方雇员、代理人或分包商过失造成的。
13.2.2. excludes or restricts liability to the other for fraud, breach of confidentiality and intellectual property infringement (including the incorrect or inappropriate use of XXX provided products) to the extent that its own negligence or that of its officers, employees, agents or subcontractors causes the same.
13.2.2. 排除或限制本方就欺诈、违反保密义务、知识产权侵权（包括不正当或不恰当地使用XXX提供的产品）应向对方付的责任，只要该等行为是由于本方或本方高级职员、雇员、代理人或分包商过失造成的。
13.3. Supplier indemnifies XXX against any loss, damage, claim, expense (including legal fees) or liability to Client resulting from its negligence or the negligence of its officers, employees, agents or subcontractors involving the loss or mishandling of Client money.
13.3. 对于因供应商或其高级职员、雇员、代理人或分包商过失使XXX受到损失、损害、索赔、费用支出（包括律师费）或承担责任，包括给客户造成金钱损失或不正确地运用客户金钱，则供应商应负责对XXX赔偿。
13.4. The Supplier indemnifies and does not exclude or restrict liability to XXX or Client for any losses, damages, liabilities, proceedings and costs that may be incurred for any breach of any obligations arising whether foreseeable or otherwise for the Supplier’s failure to comply with the requirements of clause 11 (Data Protection).
13.4. 供应商不遵守第11条（数据保护）的规定，违反任何协议义务（不论该义务是否可以预见），使XXX或客户受到损失、损害、承担责任、被起诉或发生费用支出，供应商应对XXX或客户予以赔偿，且不得排除或限制自己的责任。
13.5. The Supplier indemnifies XXX and Client against any statutory, regulatory, state or local tax or other fine or levy imposed without limit of liability arising as the result of a negligent act or omission of Supplier in performance of the Services.
13.5. 供应商在提供服务的过程中由于过失作为或不作为，使XXX和客户缴纳法定的、管理的、国家或地方的税费、其它罚金或征费的，承包商应对XXX和客户予以赔偿。
13.6. The Supplier will indemnify XXX against any and all damages, expenses, costs, (including legal costs) arising from any actions, proceedings, claims or demands arising from or in any way connected with the Services that are brought or threatened against XXX by a third party and which are caused by an act or omission of Supplier or arise from any act of XXX carried out pursuant to the instructions of the Supplier.
13.6. 由于供应商作为、不作为，或XXX按供应商指示实施的行为，第三方就服务或与服务有关的原因对XXX提起或意图提起诉讼、特别诉讼程序、索赔或要求，给XXX造成损害、费用支出（包括律师费）的，承包商应对XXX予以赔偿。
13.7. The Supplier indemnifies XXX against any loss or damage to a third party’s property or assets arising by any reason of a breach of its obligations including any negligent act or omission save to the extent that the loss or damage is caused by XXX or a Client.
13.7. 供应商违反协议义务，包括过失作为或不作为，造成第三方财产或资产损失或损坏（但不包括XXX或客户本人造成的损失或损坏），使XXX承担责任的，承包商应对XXX予以赔偿。
13.8. Service Credits shall be deductible from the Fees in accordance with the levels stated in Schedule [1] (Fees) and shall be limited in the aggregate to no more than [
( )] percent of the Fees payable in a particular month in which the Services are performed below the Stated Standard.
13.8. 服务扣款应按照附件[1]（服务费用）规定的等级从服务费用中扣除，服务扣款的限额为：服务不达标当月应付费用的[ ( )]%。
13.9. Subject to clauses 13.2 to 13.7, the aggregate liability of either Party to the other under this Agreement will be limited to:
13.9. 除适用第13.2款到13.7款中的规定的情形，任何一方在本合同项下应承担总责任限额为：
13.9.1. a maximum of [yyyy] in respect of direct loss or damage to the tangible property of the non-defaulting Party per single event or in the aggregate [per annum] [for the Term or duration] of this Agreement to the extent caused by the negligence of the defaulting Party or its employees;
13.9.1. 违约方或其雇员由于过失给未违约方造成有形财产直接损失或损坏的，每起事件最高责任限额，或本协议[每年] [协议期限内]总计最高责任限额为：[yyyy]；
13.9.2. a maximum of [one (1) million Euros] [ten (10) times the annual Fees] [the total annual value of the Client monies being handled] [due] under this Agreement in any one contract year, in respect of all other losses, whether or not foreseeable, including additional operating and administrative charges, direct expenditure rendered unnecessary as a result of the breach, the cost of re-procuring similar services with another supplier in any or all the territories in which Supplier provides Services under this Agreement, loss of business, loss of revenue, anticipated savings, the cost of any compensation payable to the Client, including any banking charges, all damages, expenses and costs (including legal and court costs), and/or expenses incurred by XXX to the extent caused by the Supplier;
13.9.2. 对于其它损失，不论是否可以预见，包括额外的运营管理费、因违约发生的本不必要的直接支出、为取得本协议项下供应商所有服务供应地内其它供应商提供服务发生的支出、业务损失、收入损失、预期节省金、应向客户支付的赔偿费，包括银行手续费、所有损失、费用支出（包括律师费和法庭费用），和/或XXX由于供应商行为发生的费用支出，则在任一合同年内，最高限额为：本协议项下的[yyyy] [年服务费用的十（10）倍][每年经手客户金钱价值的总额] [应付款项]；
[Drafting Note: adjust according to requirements]
[协议草拟注意事项：根据要求进行调整]
13.9.3. [a maximum of 50% of the annual Fees] due under this Agreement [in any one contract year] [for the Term] in respect of all other direct losses, costs and/or expenses incurred by Supplier to the extent caused by the Paterson’s breach.
13.9.3. 对于由XXX违约给供应商造成的所有其它直接损失和/费用支出[在任一合同年内] [协议期限内]，限额为本协议项下应付款项[最高为年服务费用的50%]。
[Drafting Note: the amounts of liability in bold above will need to be assessed on a contract per contract basis.]
[协议草拟注意事项：上述以粗体字表示的责任金额需要按具体合同进行评估。]
13.10. Notwithstanding anything else contained in this Agreement XXX shall not be liable for:
13.10. 尽管本协议有其它规定，但XXX对下列事项不承担责任：
13.10.1. loss of profits, loss of business, loss of revenue, loss of goodwill or loss of anticipated savings; and/or
13.10.1. 利润损失、业务损失、收入损失、商誉损失或预期节省金损失；
13.10.2. any category of indirect, special or consequential loss or damage.
13.10.2. 任何类型的间接、特殊或附带损失或损害。
13.11. Each provision of this clause 0 limiting or excluding liability operates separately and in the event that any part of this clause 0 is held to be invalid or unenforceable, then the remaining parts shall survive and continue to apply.
13.11. 本条中限制或排除责任的各项规定具有独立性；若本条任何部分被认定为无效或不可强制执行，则剩余部分继续有效。
14. INSURANCE
14. 保险
14.1. Supplier shall maintain in force at all times insurance cover to a minimum value of Euros (€) one (1) million per event to cover professional indemnity, including financial losses.
14.1. 供应商应购置一直有效的专业责任险，最低保险金额为每起事件一（1）百万欧元（€），保险范围应包括财务损失。
14.2. Supplier shall maintain in force at all times insurance cover to the minimum value required by the law of the jurisdiction in which it is providing Services in respect of public and employer’s liability.
14.2.供应商应购置一直有效的公共责任和雇主责任险，保险金额为提供服务地司法管辖区有关法律规定的最低保险金额。
Translation - Chinese 13. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY AND INDEMNITY
13. 责任限制和赔偿
13.1. Save as expressly specified in clauses 13.2 to 13.7 inclusive, this clause shall apply to Supplier’s liability to XXX under this Agreement howsoever arising whether in contract, tort or otherwise including negligence, errors, omissions, acts, statements, advice or misrepresentation in performing the whole or any part of the Services.
13.1. 除13.2款到13.7款中有明文规定外，本13条的规定适用于供应商在本协议项下对XXX所负的责任，责任原因为提供全部或部分服务过程中合同或侵权等方面的原因，包括过失、过错、作为、不作为、声明、建议、错误陈述等。
13.2. Neither Party:
13.2. 任何一方当事人不得：
13.2.1. excludes or restricts liability for death or personal injury sustained by any employee, agent or subcontractor of either the other Party or a Client to the extent that its own negligence or that of its employees, agents or subcontractors causes death or injury;
13.2.1. 排除或限制本方在对方或客户的雇员、代理人或分包商伤亡事件中的责任，只要伤亡是由于本方或本方雇员、代理人或分包商过失造成的。
13.2.2. excludes or restricts liability to the other for fraud, breach of confidentiality and intellectual property infringement (including the incorrect or inappropriate use of XXX provided products) to the extent that its own negligence or that of its officers, employees, agents or subcontractors causes the same.
13.2.2. 排除或限制本方就欺诈、违反保密义务、知识产权侵权（包括不正当或不恰当地使用XXX提供的产品）应向对方付的责任，只要该等行为是由于本方或本方高级职员、雇员、代理人或分包商过失造成的。
13.3. Supplier indemnifies XXX against any loss, damage, claim, expense (including legal fees) or liability to Client resulting from its negligence or the negligence of its officers, employees, agents or subcontractors involving the loss or mishandling of Client money.
13.3. 对于因供应商或其高级职员、雇员、代理人或分包商过失使XXX受到损失、损害、索赔、费用支出（包括律师费）或承担责任，包括给客户造成金钱损失或不正确地运用客户金钱，则供应商应负责对XXX赔偿。
13.4. The Supplier indemnifies and does not exclude or restrict liability to XXX or Client for any losses, damages, liabilities, proceedings and costs that may be incurred for any breach of any obligations arising whether foreseeable or otherwise for the Supplier’s failure to comply with the requirements of clause 11 (Data Protection).
13.4. 供应商不遵守第11条（数据保护）的规定，违反任何协议义务（不论该义务是否可以预见），使XXX或客户受到损失、损害、承担责任、被起诉或发生费用支出，供应商应对XXX或客户予以赔偿，且不得排除或限制自己的责任。
13.5. The Supplier indemnifies XXX and Client against any statutory, regulatory, state or local tax or other fine or levy imposed without limit of liability arising as the result of a negligent act or omission of Supplier in performance of the Services.
13.5. 供应商在提供服务的过程中由于过失作为或不作为，使XXX和客户缴纳法定的、管理的、国家或地方的税费、其它罚金或征费的，承包商应对XXX和客户予以赔偿。
13.6. The Supplier will indemnify XXX against any and all damages, expenses, costs, (including legal costs) arising from any actions, proceedings, claims or demands arising from or in any way connected with the Services that are brought or threatened against XXX by a third party and which are caused by an act or omission of Supplier or arise from any act of XXX carried out pursuant to the instructions of the Supplier.
13.6. 由于供应商作为、不作为，或XXX按供应商指示实施的行为，第三方就服务或与服务有关的原因对XXX提起或意图提起诉讼、特别诉讼程序、索赔或要求，给XXX造成损害、费用支出（包括律师费）的，承包商应对XXX予以赔偿。
13.7. The Supplier indemnifies XXX against any loss or damage to a third party’s property or assets arising by any reason of a breach of its obligations including any negligent act or omission save to the extent that the loss or damage is caused by XXX or a Client.
13.7. 供应商违反协议义务，包括过失作为或不作为，造成第三方财产或资产损失或损坏（但不包括XXX或客户本人造成的损失或损坏），使XXX承担责任的，承包商应对XXX予以赔偿。
13.8. Service Credits shall be deductible from the Fees in accordance with the levels stated in Schedule [1] (Fees) and shall be limited in the aggregate to no more than [
( )] percent of the Fees payable in a particular month in which the Services are performed below the Stated Standard.
13.8. 服务扣款应按照附件[1]（服务费用）规定的等级从服务费用中扣除，服务扣款的限额为：服务不达标当月应付费用的[ ( )]%。
13.9. Subject to clauses 13.2 to 13.7, the aggregate liability of either Party to the other under this Agreement will be limited to:
13.9. 除适用第13.2款到13.7款中的规定的情形，任何一方在本合同项下应承担总责任限额为：
13.9.1. a maximum of [yyyy] in respect of direct loss or damage to the tangible property of the non-defaulting Party per single event or in the aggregate [per annum] [for the Term or duration] of this Agreement to the extent caused by the negligence of the defaulting Party or its employees;
13.9.1. 违约方或其雇员由于过失给未违约方造成有形财产直接损失或损坏的，每起事件最高责任限额，或本协议[每年] [协议期限内]总计最高责任限额为：[yyyy]；
13.9.2. a maximum of [one (1) million Euros] [ten (10) times the annual Fees] [the total annual value of the Client monies being handled] [due] under this Agreement in any one contract year, in respect of all other losses, whether or not foreseeable, including additional operating and administrative charges, direct expenditure rendered unnecessary as a result of the breach, the cost of re-procuring similar services with another supplier in any or all the territories in which Supplier provides Services under this Agreement, loss of business, loss of revenue, anticipated savings, the cost of any compensation payable to the Client, including any banking charges, all damages, expenses and costs (including legal and court costs), and/or expenses incurred by XXX to the extent caused by the Supplier;
13.9.2. 对于其它损失，不论是否可以预见，包括额外的运营管理费、因违约发生的本不必要的直接支出、为取得本协议项下供应商所有服务供应地内其它供应商提供服务发生的支出、业务损失、收入损失、预期节省金、应向客户支付的赔偿费，包括银行手续费、所有损失、费用支出（包括律师费和法庭费用），和/或XXX由于供应商行为发生的费用支出，则在任一合同年内，最高限额为：本协议项下的[yyyy] [年服务费用的十（10）倍][每年经手客户金钱价值的总额] [应付款项]；
[Drafting Note: adjust according to requirements]
[协议草拟注意事项：根据要求进行调整]
13.9.3. [a maximum of 50% of the annual Fees] due under this Agreement [in any one contract year] [for the Term] in respect of all other direct losses, costs and/or expenses incurred by Supplier to the extent caused by the Paterson’s breach.
13.9.3. 对于由XXX违约给供应商造成的所有其它直接损失和/费用支出[在任一合同年内] [协议期限内]，限额为本协议项下应付款项[最高为年服务费用的50%]。
[Drafting Note: the amounts of liability in bold above will need to be assessed on a contract per contract basis.]
[协议草拟注意事项：上述以粗体字表示的责任金额需要按具体合同进行评估。]
13.10. Notwithstanding anything else contained in this Agreement XXX shall not be liable for:
13.10. 尽管本协议有其它规定，但XXX对下列事项不承担责任：
13.10.1. loss of profits, loss of business, loss of revenue, loss of goodwill or loss of anticipated savings; and/or
13.10.1. 利润损失、业务损失、收入损失、商誉损失或预期节省金损失；
13.10.2. any category of indirect, special or consequential loss or damage.
13.10.2. 任何类型的间接、特殊或附带损失或损害。
13.11. Each provision of this clause 0 limiting or excluding liability operates separately and in the event that any part of this clause 0 is held to be invalid or unenforceable, then the remaining parts shall survive and continue to apply.
13.11. 本条中限制或排除责任的各项规定具有独立性；若本条任何部分被认定为无效或不可强制执行，则剩余部分继续有效。
14. INSURANCE
14. 保险
14.1. Supplier shall maintain in force at all times insurance cover to a minimum value of Euros (€) one (1) million per event to cover professional indemnity, including financial losses.
14.1. 供应商应购置一直有效的专业责任险，最低保险金额为每起事件一（1）百万欧元（€），保险范围应包括财务损失。
14.2. Supplier shall maintain in force at all times insurance cover to the minimum value required by the law of the jurisdiction in which it is providing Services in respect of public and employer’s liability.
14.2.供应商应购置一直有效的公共责任和雇主责任险，保险金额为提供服务地司法管辖区有关法律规定的最低保险金额。
Chinese to English: {0>应 收 帐 款 买 卖 契 约<}0{>RECEIVABLES PURCHASE AND SALE Contract<0}
Source text - Chinese
{0>第一条 (总则)ARTICLE 1 (GENERAL RULES)1. 契约当事人应相互保持密切联系，并应诚实履行本契约所有条款。1. The Parties hereto shall maintain close contact and perform all obligations stipulated herein on a bona fide basis.2. 甲方为保持乙方从事本业务活动之一致形象，须依乙方指定方法展开分期付款业务，甲方不得擅自进行变更与修改。2. Party A shall carry out installment sale business based on the method as specified by Party B as is necessary to maintain a consistent image in respect of Party B being engaged in the business. Party A shall not have the right to make any change or modification thereto without permission. 3. 甲方应积极向顾客介绍乙方之分期付款制度，如乙方提供有关分期付款宣传物时，甲方应于店铺内显目之场所，协助乙方放置该宣传物并提供于顾客。3. Party A shall actively recommend to customers Party B’s installment system, and shall, in the case Party B provides advertisements in relation to installment payment, assist Party B to place such advertisements in conspicuous areas in the store and distribute the same to customers. 第二条 (销售)ARTICLE 2 (SALE)1. 分期付款销售中，甲方以乙方之信用调查结果为基础，以分期付款方式向顾客销售由甲方和乙方协商指定之商品。1. Party A shall make installment sale based on the credit findings provide by Party B and sell to customers on an installment basis such merchandise as designated by both Parties through negotiation. 2. 乙方根据本契约第七条受让甲方以分期付款方式向顾客销售商品所生商品本身之应收债权。顾客根据其和甲方所签订分期付款契约之所定支付方式，向乙方清偿分期付款额。2. Party B shall be assigned, subject to Article 7 herein, the account receivables due from customers for purchasing Party A’s merchandise on an installment basis. Said customers shall pay to Party B such sum of installment in such mode of payment as stipulated in the installment contracts concluded by and between the customers and Party A.3. 甲方以分期付款方式向顾客销售商品之付款期数，经甲、乙双方协商后另外签订协议书决定之。3. The term of payment in respect of Party A selling the merchandise to customers on an installment basis shall be subject to the agreement otherwise executed by both parties through negotiation. 4. 甲方以分期付款方式向顾客销售商品时，单品或复数品合计，最低受理金额为叁仟元，顾客最低分期付款额为伍佰元以上。但经甲、乙双方协商同意，另外签订协议书设定最低受理金额而实施之。4. The installment sale of merchandise by Party A to customers shall be accepted where the sum of such sale with single merchandise or plural merchandises calculated together is not less than NT$ 3,000 and the customer agrees to a minimum installment of NT$ 500 provided however that the minimum sum for installment sale shall be subject to the agreement otherwise executed by both parties through negotiation. 5. 当甲方以分期付款方式销售予顾客商品发生纷争时，甲方应以自行责任与费用，对该商品负纷争解决之责，与乙方无涉，且甲方保证不对乙方造成任何影响。倘若因以上事由而遭顾客停止对乙方给付款项时，甲方应返还乙方为所受让应收债权所支付之款项。5. Party A shall guarantee to hold Party B harmless in respect of any dispute of the merchandise sold by Party A to any customer on an installment basis. Such dispute shall be settled by Party A at its own cost without any responsibility on the part of Party B. If any customer stops pay installment due to such dispute, Party A agrees to return to Party B the amount paid by Party B for assignment of the receivables in respect of the disputed merchandise. 第三条 (对顾客之信用调查)ARTICLE 3 (CUSTOMERS CREDIT INVESTIGATION)1. 乙方依本契约规定，对顾客进行信用调查，并经由分期付款契约书之签订，取得顾客之同意。1. Party B shall carry out credit investigation on customers subject to this Contract provided that consent from the customer shall be obtained by execution of an installment payment contract. 2. 甲方于顾客申请以分期付款方式购入商品，并于所定申请书表中记载必要的事项后，应立即将申请书表和其他有关数据传真给乙方，并委由乙方进行信用调查。乙方收到该申请书表和其他有关资料后，如无特殊情事者，于一日之内完成信用调查，并将信用调查结果告知甲方。对于有特殊情事者，经甲方、乙方协商后另外签订协议书决定之。2. Upon any customer applying to purchase merchandise on an installment basis and completing the required application form with necessary information written in, Party A shall send by fax to Party B such application form and other relevant information for Party B to carry out credit investigation. Party B shall complete said credit investigation within one (1) day upon receipt of such application form and such other relevant information unless Party B is prevented from do so due to special frustrations. Such special frustrations shall be subject to the agreement otherwise executed by both parties through negotiation.第四条 (商品之交付)ARTICLE 4 (DELIVERY OF MERCHANDISE)甲方不得于收受以分期付款方式购物申请后，立即将商品交付申请人。甲方应于该申请经第三条所规定之乙方信用调查且得到乙方批准并于该契约书加载乙方所指定契约号码后，始能对顾客为商品之给付。Any delivery of merchandise shall not be made by Party A to the applicant immediately following Party A accepting the installment purchase application form, but shall be made only after such application form is approved by Party A based on the credit investigation by Party A as stipulated in ARTICLE 3 and a contract number is added to the installment payment contract.第五条 (商店手续费)ARTICLE 5 (HANDLING FEE PAYABLE BY STORE)1. 商店手续费之支付，采用从乙方受让甲方依分期付款销售商品所生商品本身之应收债权时所支付金额中扣除之方法为之。甲方支付給乙方之商店手續費，經甲、乙雙方协商后决定之，并另外签订协议书。1. The handling fee payable by store shall be paid by deduction from the amount due from Party B to Party A in respect to the assignment by Party A to Party B the receivables arising from Party A selling the merchandise on an installment basis. Such handling fee payable by store shall be subject to the agreement otherwise executed by both parties through negotiation. 2. 当根据银行利率变动而有必要对商店手续费为更改时，由双方协商后决定之，并另外签订协议书。2. Modification of the handling fee payable by store that is necessary due to change of bank rate shall be subject to the agreement otherwise executed by both parties through negotiation. 第六条 (顾客手续费)ARTICLE 6 (HANDLING FEE PAYABLE BY CUSTOMER)1. 顾客支付给乙方之顾客手续费，经甲、乙双方协商后决定之，并另外签订协议书。1. The handling fee payable by customer to Party B shall be subject to the agreement otherwise executed by both parties through negotiation. 2. 当根据银行利率之变动有必要对顾客手续费为更改时，由甲方与乙方协商后决定之，并另外签订协议书。2. Modification of the handling fee payable by customer that is necessary due to change of bank rate shall be subject to the agreement otherwise executed by both parties through negotiation. 第七条 (销售截止日和应收债权之受让)ARTICLE 7 (SALE DEADLINE
Translation - English
{0>第一条 (总则)ARTICLE 1 (GENERAL RULES)1. 契约当事人应相互保持密切联系，并应诚实履行本契约所有条款。1. The Parties hereto shall maintain close contact and perform all obligations stipulated herein on a bona fide basis.2. 甲方为保持乙方从事本业务活动之一致形象，须依乙方指定方法展开分期付款业务，甲方不得擅自进行变更与修改。2. Party A shall carry out installment sale business based on the method as specified by Party B as is necessary to maintain a consistent image in respect of Party B being engaged in the business. Party A shall not have the right to make any change or modification thereto without permission. 3. 甲方应积极向顾客介绍乙方之分期付款制度，如乙方提供有关分期付款宣传物时，甲方应于店铺内显目之场所，协助乙方放置该宣传物并提供于顾客。3. Party A shall actively recommend to customers Party B’s installment system, and shall, in the case Party B provides advertisements in relation to installment payment, assist Party B to place such advertisements in conspicuous areas in the store and distribute the same to customers. 第二条 (销售)ARTICLE 2 (SALE)1. 分期付款销售中，甲方以乙方之信用调查结果为基础，以分期付款方式向顾客销售由甲方和乙方协商指定之商品。1. Party A shall make installment sale based on the credit findings provide by Party B and sell to customers on an installment basis such merchandise as designated by both Parties through negotiation. 2. 乙方根据本契约第七条受让甲方以分期付款方式向顾客销售商品所生商品本身之应收债权。顾客根据其和甲方所签订分期付款契约之所定支付方式，向乙方清偿分期付款额。2. Party B shall be assigned, subject to Article 7 herein, the account receivables due from customers for purchasing Party A’s merchandise on an installment basis. Said customers shall pay to Party B such sum of installment in such mode of payment as stipulated in the installment contracts concluded by and between the customers and Party A.3. 甲方以分期付款方式向顾客销售商品之付款期数，经甲、乙双方协商后另外签订协议书决定之。3. The term of payment in respect of Party A selling the merchandise to customers on an installment basis shall be subject to the agreement otherwise executed by both parties through negotiation. 4. 甲方以分期付款方式向顾客销售商品时，单品或复数品合计，最低受理金额为叁仟元，顾客最低分期付款额为伍佰元以上。但经甲、乙双方协商同意，另外签订协议书设定最低受理金额而实施之。4. The installment sale of merchandise by Party A to customers shall be accepted where the sum of such sale with single merchandise or plural merchandises calculated together is not less than NT$ 3,000 and the customer agrees to a minimum installment of NT$ 500 provided however that the minimum sum for installment sale shall be subject to the agreement otherwise executed by both parties through negotiation. 5. 当甲方以分期付款方式销售予顾客商品发生纷争时，甲方应以自行责任与费用，对该商品负纷争解决之责，与乙方无涉，且甲方保证不对乙方造成任何影响。倘若因以上事由而遭顾客停止对乙方给付款项时，甲方应返还乙方为所受让应收债权所支付之款项。5. Party A shall guarantee to hold Party B harmless in respect of any dispute of the merchandise sold by Party A to any customer on an installment basis. Such dispute shall be settled by Party A at its own cost without any responsibility on the part of Party B. If any customer stops pay installment due to such dispute, Party A agrees to return to Party B the amount paid by Party B for assignment of the receivables in respect of the disputed merchandise. 第三条 (对顾客之信用调查)ARTICLE 3 (CUSTOMERS CREDIT INVESTIGATION)1. 乙方依本契约规定，对顾客进行信用调查，并经由分期付款契约书之签订，取得顾客之同意。1. Party B shall carry out credit investigation on customers subject to this Contract provided that consent from the customer shall be obtained by execution of an installment payment contract. 2. 甲方于顾客申请以分期付款方式购入商品，并于所定申请书表中记载必要的事项后，应立即将申请书表和其他有关数据传真给乙方，并委由乙方进行信用调查。乙方收到该申请书表和其他有关资料后，如无特殊情事者，于一日之内完成信用调查，并将信用调查结果告知甲方。对于有特殊情事者，经甲方、乙方协商后另外签订协议书决定之。2. Upon any customer applying to purchase merchandise on an installment basis and completing the required application form with necessary information written in, Party A shall send by fax to Party B such application form and other relevant information for Party B to carry out credit investigation. Party B shall complete said credit investigation within one (1) day upon receipt of such application form and such other relevant information unless Party B is prevented from do so due to special frustrations. Such special frustrations shall be subject to the agreement otherwise executed by both parties through negotiation.第四条 (商品之交付)ARTICLE 4 (DELIVERY OF MERCHANDISE)甲方不得于收受以分期付款方式购物申请后，立即将商品交付申请人。甲方应于该申请经第三条所规定之乙方信用调查且得到乙方批准并于该契约书加载乙方所指定契约号码后，始能对顾客为商品之给付。Any delivery of merchandise shall not be made by Party A to the applicant immediately following Party A accepting the installment purchase application form, but shall be made only after such application form is approved by Party A based on the credit investigation by Party A as stipulated in ARTICLE 3 and a contract number is added to the installment payment contract.第五条 (商店手续费)ARTICLE 5 (HANDLING FEE PAYABLE BY STORE)1. 商店手续费之支付，采用从乙方受让甲方依分期付款销售商品所生商品本身之应收债权时所支付金额中扣除之方法为之。甲方支付給乙方之商店手續費，經甲、乙雙方协商后决定之，并另外签订协议书。1. The handling fee payable by store shall be paid by deduction from the amount due from Party B to Party A in respect to the assignment by Party A to Party B the receivables arising from Party A selling the merchandise on an installment basis. Such handling fee payable by store shall be subject to the agreement otherwise executed by both parties through negotiation. 2. 当根据银行利率变动而有必要对商店手续费为更改时，由双方协商后决定之，并另外签订协议书。2. Modification of the handling fee payable by store that is necessary due to change of bank rate shall be subject to the agreement otherwise executed by both parties through negotiation. 第六条 (顾客手续费)ARTICLE 6 (HANDLING FEE PAYABLE BY CUSTOMER)1. 顾客支付给乙方之顾客手续费，经甲、乙双方协商后决定之，并另外签订协议书。1. The handling fee payable by customer to Party B shall be subject to the agreement otherwise executed by both parties through negotiation. 2. 当根据银行利率之变动有必要对顾客手续费为更改时，由甲方与乙方协商后决定之，并另外签订协议书。2. Modification of the handling fee payable by customer that is necessary due to change of bank rate shall be subject to the agreement otherwise executed by both parties through negotiation. 第七条 (销售截止日和应收债权之受让)ARTICLE 7 (SALE DEADLINE
English to Chinese: steam boiler
Source text - English {0>Steam boilers蒸汽锅炉A steam boiler is a sealed vessel designed for the purpose of generating steam pressure at a higher level than atmospheric pressure.蒸汽锅炉是一种密封的蒸汽发生装置，可以产生气压高于大气压的蒸汽。"Harnessing" the steam raises the pressure and consequently the boiling temperature.蒸汽锅炉利用蒸汽增加压力，从而提高沸点温度。This also increases the energy content of the resulting steam (Fig. 10).同时也使产生的蒸汽内能增加（图10）.Calorific content [kJ]热值[千焦]Different boiler types can be differentiated either according to their design, method of combustion or type of fuel.根据锅炉的设计形式、燃烧方法和燃料类型，可对不同类型的锅炉做出区分。Steam boilers are defined by their design, steam output and permissible operating pressure.各种蒸汽锅炉通过其设计形式、蒸发量和容许的工作压力进行界定。Essentially, two designs are offered to generate high pressure steam with a higher output range: The water tube boiler and the flame tube/smoke tube boiler (also referred to as boiler with large water chamber).本质上，有两种设计形式的蒸汽锅炉可以产生高压蒸汽，并具备较高的蒸发量；即水管锅炉和火道/烟道锅炉（也称为大水箱锅炉）。With the former type, the water is held inside tubes that are surrounded by hot gas.前者的水置于水管内，高温烟气则在水管外放热。This design is conventionally used as a quick steam boiler up to approx. 30 bar or as a water tube boiler up to approx. 300 bar.快速升汽锅炉通和水管锅炉常采用这种设计形式，前者允许的运行压力约为30巴，后者约为300巴。Flame tube/smoke tube boilers cannot, on account of their design principles, be operated at such pressure.火道/烟道锅炉由于受到设计原理的限制，其允许的运行压力无法达到上述水平。With this design, the hot gas (flue gas) flows through tubes that are surrounded by water (Fig. 11).这种设计形式中，高温气体（烟气）在管道内流动，水则在管道外吸热（图11）。Subject to size, these boilers can be operated with a permissible pressure of approx. 25 bar and deliver, for example, 25 tonnes of steam per hour.受大小制约，此类锅炉允许的运行压力约为25巴，每小时可产生25公吨蒸汽。The design of the flame tube/smoke tube boiler is suitable to cover the demands for steam generation - in particular regarding pressure and steam volume - safely and economically.火道/烟道锅炉的设计适合用于经济安全产生蒸汽的需要，尤其适合于针对气压和蒸发量方面进行经济安全生产的需要。Where low pressure steam (up to 1 bar) is required, this design is also the conventional choice.需要低压蒸汽（1巴以下）的，传统上也采用这种设计形式。Aritcle 3,paragraph 3第3条第3款V (Litre)炉水容量（升）Legal framework法律体制As early as 1985, there was a call for uniform technical rules to achieve an internal European market without trade barriers.早在1985年，就出现了要求制定统一技术规则，建立一个欧洲内部市场，消除贸易壁垒的呼声。However, different regulations concerning the manufacture of pressure equipment, and consequently steam boilers, still applied to the countries of the European Union until 1997.但在1997年以前，欧洲各国仍然采用不同的压力设备制造规范，因此欧洲各国的蒸汽锅炉制造规范也各不相同。The "Directive 97/23/EC of the European Parliament and Council dated the 29.05.1997 on the assimilation of the legal requirements for pressure equipment in Member States" (PED) came into force on the 29.05.1997, granting a transition period of five years for member states.“统一各成员国压力设备有关法律的1997年5月29日欧洲议会和理事会指令97/23/EC”（简称“PED”）于1997年5月29日生效，并规定各成员国有5年的过渡期。This Directive applies to all steam boilers with a permissible operating pressure above 0.5 bar or an operating temperature higher than 110 °C and a volume in excess of 2 litres.该指令适用于允许运行压力高于0.5巴，或允许温度高于110 °C而炉水容量大于2升的所有蒸汽锅炉。For content details it should be noted that the total steam boiler volume must be taken into account.需要注意的是，对于锅炉容量方面的细节，必须考虑蒸汽锅炉的总体积。This Directive does not apply to steam boilers with an operating pressure below 0.5 bar and an operating temperature lower than 110 °C. For systems of that type, the Gas Equipment Directive applies, for example.对于运行压力低于0.5巴或运行温度低于110 °C的蒸汽锅炉，则不适用该指令。此类的设备系统适用其它有关法律，如燃气设备指令。 The PED regulates all processes up to the point of bringing the pressure equipment into circulation.PED对压力设备进入市场流通前的所有环节均做了明确规定。Apart from the pressure equipment itself, all equipment components with safety functions and all pressurised equipment parts fall into the scope of this Directive.除压力设备本身外，所有具备安全功能的设备组件和所有正压设备部件都属于该指令规定的范围。
Translation - Chinese {0>Steam boilers蒸汽锅炉A steam boiler is a sealed vessel designed for the purpose of generating steam pressure at a higher level than atmospheric pressure.蒸汽锅炉是一种密封的蒸汽发生装置，可以产生气压高于大气压的蒸汽。"Harnessing" the steam raises the pressure and consequently the boiling temperature.蒸汽锅炉利用蒸汽增加压力，从而提高沸点温度。This also increases the energy content of the resulting steam (Fig. 10).同时也使产生的蒸汽内能增加（图10）.Calorific content [kJ]热值[千焦]Different boiler types can be differentiated either according to their design, method of combustion or type of fuel.根据锅炉的设计形式、燃烧方法和燃料类型，可对不同类型的锅炉做出区分。Steam boilers are defined by their design, steam output and permissible operating pressure.各种蒸汽锅炉通过其设计形式、蒸发量和容许的工作压力进行界定。Essentially, two designs are offered to generate high pressure steam with a higher output range: The water tube boiler and the flame tube/smoke tube boiler (also referred to as boiler with large water chamber).本质上，有两种设计形式的蒸汽锅炉可以产生高压蒸汽，并具备较高的蒸发量；即水管锅炉和火道/烟道锅炉（也称为大水箱锅炉）。With the former type, the water is held inside tubes that are surrounded by hot gas.前者的水置于水管内，高温烟气则在水管外放热。This design is conventionally used as a quick steam boiler up to approx. 30 bar or as a water tube boiler up to approx. 300 bar.快速升汽锅炉通和水管锅炉常采用这种设计形式，前者允许的运行压力约为30巴，后者约为300巴。Flame tube/smoke tube boilers cannot, on account of their design principles, be operated at such pressure.火道/烟道锅炉由于受到设计原理的限制，其允许的运行压力无法达到上述水平。With this design, the hot gas (flue gas) flows through tubes that are surrounded by water (Fig. 11).这种设计形式中，高温气体（烟气）在管道内流动，水则在管道外吸热（图11）。Subject to size, these boilers can be operated with a permissible pressure of approx. 25 bar and deliver, for example, 25 tonnes of steam per hour.受大小制约，此类锅炉允许的运行压力约为25巴，每小时可产生25公吨蒸汽。The design of the flame tube/smoke tube boiler is suitable to cover the demands for steam generation - in particular regarding pressure and steam volume - safely and economically.火道/烟道锅炉的设计适合用于经济安全产生蒸汽的需要，尤其适合于针对气压和蒸发量方面进行经济安全生产的需要。Where low pressure steam (up to 1 bar) is required, this design is also the conventional choice.需要低压蒸汽（1巴以下）的，传统上也采用这种设计形式。Aritcle 3,paragraph 3第3条第3款V (Litre)炉水容量（升）Legal framework法律体制As early as 1985, there was a call for uniform technical rules to achieve an internal European market without trade barriers.早在1985年，就出现了要求制定统一技术规则，建立一个欧洲内部市场，消除贸易壁垒的呼声。However, different regulations concerning the manufacture of pressure equipment, and consequently steam boilers, still applied to the countries of the European Union until 1997.但在1997年以前，欧洲各国仍然采用不同的压力设备制造规范，因此欧洲各国的蒸汽锅炉制造规范也各不相同。The "Directive 97/23/EC of the European Parliament and Council dated the 29.05.1997 on the assimilation of the legal requirements for pressure equipment in Member States" (PED) came into force on the 29.05.1997, granting a transition period of five years for member states.“统一各成员国压力设备有关法律的1997年5月29日欧洲议会和理事会指令97/23/EC”（简称“PED”）于1997年5月29日生效，并规定各成员国有5年的过渡期。This Directive applies to all steam boilers with a permissible operating pressure above 0.5 bar or an operating temperature higher than 110 °C and a volume in excess of 2 litres.该指令适用于允许运行压力高于0.5巴，或允许温度高于110 °C而炉水容量大于2升的所有蒸汽锅炉。For content details it should be noted that the total steam boiler volume must be taken into account.需要注意的是，对于锅炉容量方面的细节，必须考虑蒸汽锅炉的总体积。This Directive does not apply to steam boilers with an operating pressure below 0.5 bar and an operating temperature lower than 110 °C. For systems of that type, the Gas Equipment Directive applies, for example.对于运行压力低于0.5巴或运行温度低于110 °C的蒸汽锅炉，则不适用该指令。此类的设备系统适用其它有关法律，如燃气设备指令。 The PED regulates all processes up to the point of bringing the pressure equipment into circulation.PED对压力设备进入市场流通前的所有环节均做了明确规定。Apart from the pressure equipment itself, all equipment components with safety functions and all pressurised equipment parts fall into the scope of this Directive.除压力设备本身外，所有具备安全功能的设备组件和所有正压设备部件都属于该指令规定的范围。
English to Chinese: a patent
Source text - English
Referring to the drawings, the invention can be seen to comprise a landfill gas flare 1 having a stack 2 extending upwards from a general gas burner assembly 3. The stack 2 is provided to ensure that the gases are contained and combusted at a suitable temperature for an extended period of 15 time to ensure the destruction of sufficient combustible gas in the waste gas. Although this invention is generally described in reference to landfill waste gas, the invention may also be applied to other gas burners or gas flares for a variety of purposes such as use in the petrochemical industry or other industries where waste combustible gas is produced.
With reference to the combustion of landfill gas, the composition of this gas may typically have perhaps 60% methane together with carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen and trace gases including H2S. The use of the flare seeks to convert the vast majority of the methane into carbon dioxide and reduce some of the other harmful products in the waste gas.
Various territories have regulations which govern on the temperature at which combustion must occur and the length of time for which this temperature must be held. In New Zealand this is 750°C for 0.5 seconds. This is intended to ensure that hazardous compounds contained in waste 30 gases are suitably removed from the gas.
As the landfill gas does not generally carry sufficient oxygen for combustion itself, it is necessary to mix the gas with atmospheric oxygen to achieve combustion at a suitable level.
Translation - Chinese 附图所示的发明实施例可以看作是由垃圾填埋气体燃烧火炬1，火炬1上有一个烟囱2，烟囱2基部位于通用气体燃烧总成设备3上。烟囱2的作用是确保气体在适当温度下多燃烧一段时间，从而确保对废气中的可燃烧气体进行充分燃烧。尽管本发明通常被指称为垃圾填埋气体燃烧装置，但本发明还可作为不同行业所产生的其它气体的燃烧装置或燃烧火炬，例如石化行业或其它产生可燃烧废气的行业。
垃圾填埋气体的典型成分为大约60%的甲烷，以及二氧化碳、氮气、氧气、微量气体，包括H2S。使用火炬的目的在于试图将绝大部分的甲烷转化为二氧化碳，并减少废气中的其它有害气体。
不同地区对进行燃烧必须采用的温度和在该温度下必须燃烧的时间长度有规定。新西兰规定为：燃烧温度750°C，持续时间0.5秒。这样做的目的在于确保将废气中的有害化合物做适当清除。
由于垃圾填埋气体本身一般没有充分的氧气以供燃烧，因此须将该气体与大气中的氧气进行混合，以达到适于燃烧的程度。
English to Chinese: machinery
Source text - English RHZ
F.5.3.3.2 {0>Effects of water contamination水污染的影响The following potential effects could result with elevated levels of water in mineral and PAO based lubricants.以下潜在影响可能造成矿物润滑油和PAO基润滑油的含水量增加。For other lubricant types, such as PAG and esters, one should consult the lubricant manufacturer.对于其它类型，如PAG基润滑油和酯基润滑油，使用时应咨询润滑油生产商。Free and emulsified water are considered to be more harmful than dissolved water.一般认为，自由水和乳化水比溶解水的危害性更大。Therefore, moisture levels should be kept below the saturation point, which for many oils is less than 500 ppm depending on oil type and temperature.因此，含湿量应保持在饱和点以下，许多油的饱和点为500 ppm，根据油的类型和温度的不同有所差别。Water in excess of 500 ppm may contribute to:含水量超过500 ppm可能造成下列情况：Lubricant degradation:润滑油变质：accelerated additive depletion;加速添加剂损耗;accelerated oxidation;加速氧化；interfere with an active lubricant film formation;妨碍活性润滑油膜的形成；contributes to foaming.产生泡沫。Degradation of internal components:内部元件退化:reactions with additives may form residue on critical surfaces and plug filters or clog spray nozzles;与添加剂发生反应，可能在形成关键面上形成沉淀、堵塞过滤器或喷嘴；reaction with the base fluid or additives may promote the hardening of elastomers or the pre¬mature failure of internal coatings such as paints.与基液或添加剂发生反应，促使弹性体硬化或内部涂层（如漆）过早受到破坏；Corrosion of metallic components:腐蚀金属元件：reaction with the base fluid where additives may increase acidity;与基液发生反应，可能造成酸性增加；direct contact with metal surfaces can pro¬duce rust particles that contribute to abrasive wear and act as an oxidation catalyst.直接接触金属表面可能产生锈颗粒，增大磨损并起氧化催化作用。Accelerated metal fatigue:加速金属疲劳：corrosion etch pits may initiate fatigue cracks;侵蚀斑孔可能造成疲劳裂纹；under specific conditions, may lead to hydro¬gen embrittlement that promotes propagation of fatigue cracks.在特定的条件下，可能造成氢脆，加速疲劳裂纹的扩散。F.5.3.4F.5.3.4Spectrochemical analysis光谱化学分析F.5.3.4.1F.5.3.4.1Description描述This test detects microscopic size metal particles in an oil sample.本试验旨在检测油样品中显颗粒径的金属颗粒。The typical spectrometer is capable of identifying about 20 metals, the source of which may be wear debris, contaminants, or inorganic additives in the lubricant.一般分光计可识别约20种金属颗粒，金属颗粒可以来自磨损产物、玷污物或润滑油中的无机添加剂。Knowing the type and quantity of metals can help diagnose wear problems or disclose sources of contamination.了解金属的类型和数量有助于诊断磨损问题或明确玷污来源。For example, a high concentration of iron, chromium, manganese, mo¬lybdenum or nickel could indicate wear debris from gear teeth or bearings.例如，高浓度的铁、铬、锰、钼或镍往往表明磨损产物来源于齿轮或轴承。Spectrochemical analysis is rapid and inexpensive.光谱化学分析具有快捷、成本低廉的特点。The oil sample is burned and the light emitted is separated by diffraction into distinct wavelengths.油样品燃烧发光经衍射后分成不同波长的光。Because each metal has its own characteristic wavelength, specific metals in the oil sample can be identified.由于各种金属有其特有的波长，因此可以识别出油样品中的某些金属。Table F.1 is a general list of elements that may be detected by spectrochemical analysis.表F.1所列元素为光谱化学分析可以检测出的元素总清单。It lists typical sources for each element.同时，还列出了各种元素的典型来源。Table F.1 - Sources of metallic elements表F.1 – 金属元素来源Element元素Symbol元素符号Typical source典型来源Aluminum铝Dirt, labyrinth seals污物、迷宫式密封Antimony锑Journal bearings, grease, additives轴颈轴承、油脂、添加剂Arsenic砷Journal bearings轴颈轴承Barium钡Water, grease, additives水、油脂、添加剂Bismuth铋Journal bearings轴颈轴承Boron硼Additives添加剂Cadmium镉Journal bearings, plating轴颈轴承、金属镀层Calcium钙Additives, water, grease, dirt添加剂、水、油脂、污物Chromium铬Gears, bearings, shafts齿轮、轴承、主轴Cobalt钴Copper铜Bearings, coolers, additives轴承、冷却器、添加剂Indium铟Solder焊条Iron铁Gears, shafts, bearings, rust齿轮、轴承、主轴、铁锈Lead铅Journal bearings, solder, grease, paint轴颈轴承、焊条、油脂、漆Magnesium镁Dirt, additives污物、添加剂Manganese锰Gears, bearings, shafts齿轮、轴承、主轴Molybdenum钼Gears, bearings, shafts, additives齿轮、轴承、主轴、添加剂Nickel镍Gears, shafts, bearings齿轮、主轴、轴承Phosphorus磷Additives添加剂Potassium钾KKDirt污物Silicon硅Additives, dirt, sealants添加剂、粉尘、密封剂Sodium钠Additives, dirt添加剂、污物Tin锡Bearings, solder, coolers轴承、焊条、冷却器Titanium钛Paint, dirt漆、污物Vanadium钒Zinc锌Additives, coolers, brass components添加剂、冷却器、黄铜元件Limitations限制Emission spectroscopy works well for detecting metal particles up a few micrometers.利用发射光谱法检测几微米的金属颗粒，具有不错的效果。Low results are obtained for particles greater than a few microm¬eters because it is incapable of completely and consistently burning large particles.但粒径超过几微米的金属颗粒，结果就要差些，因为大粒径的颗粒无法完全并稳定地燃烧。Therefore, it readily detects particles from mild adhesive wear, polishing and micropitting because wear debris from these wear modes are within the detectable range.因此，利用发射光谱法可以便利地检测轻度磨损、抛光和抗微点蚀中产生的颗粒，其原因在于这些磨损模式下的磨损产物都在可检测范围内。However, failure modes such as severe abrasion, macropitting or scuffing usually generate particles that are larger than 10 micrometers.但诸如严重磨损、抗微点蚀或擦伤等失效模式产生的颗粒粒径通常超过10微米。In such situations, ferrography, particle counting or analysis with a ferrous debris analyzer may be superior monitoring techniques.这时，铁粉记录图、粒子计数、或利用分析器进行的分析等监测方法则更为适用。Emission spectroscopy does not distinguish be¬tween particles of free metal and particles of metal oxides or other compounds of metal.发射光谱法对自由金属颗粒和金属氧化物颗粒或其它金属化合物进行区分。For example, rust particles may show up as increased iron content, but emission spectroscopy cannot identify whether the iron is in the form of wear debris, iron oxide, or iron sulfide.比如，铁锈颗粒可能表现为含铁量增加，但发射光谱法无法识别铁元素是以磨损产物、氧化铁、还是以硫化铁的形式存在。High concentrations of silicon or aluminum may indicate contaminants such as sand, dust or dirt.硅或铝的浓度较高可能表明存在砂、粉尘或污物等玷污物。However, there are other sources for silicon, such as silicone antifoam additives or silicone gasket sealants.但也不排除其他硅来源，如高效有机硅消泡剂或硅橡胶垫圈密封剂。It is therefore important to analyze samples of fresh oil from new oil drums to establish a baseline level of silicon to help distinguish between contaminants and lubricant additives.因此，分析从新油油桶从取出的新油样品，建立硅的基线水平，以助于区分玷污物和润滑添加剂，具有重要意义。Some spectroscopy does not detect sulfur and certain other elements.某些光谱法无法检测硫等特定的其他元素。Specific elements of interest should be requested from the laboratory processing the test.用户应就其关注的特定元素应向进行试验的实验室提出要求。It is helpful to plot the results of spectrochemical analyses over time.绘制时间光谱分析结果点图对确定颗粒来源会有所帮助。The graphs will indicate the normal test variability and will help one follow any trends in test results.点图可以显示正常试验可变性，便于用户把握试验结果的趋势。An accelerating wear problem is most easily predicted from a trend line that is increasing.根据渐增的趋势线，对加速磨损问题的预测就极为简便了。Automatic particle counting自动颗粒计数Particle counters are a common method used to determine lubricant cleanliness.颗粒计数器是确定润滑剂清洁度的常用方法。They monitor the number of particles of a given size range in a given volume of oil sample or a given oil flow.颗粒计数器可以监测给定体积油样品或给定油流量中给定尺寸范围内颗粒的数量。A common method for determining lubricant cleanliness, particle counting, detects all particles regardless of their composition and is capable of detecting particle sizes in the range of 0.5 to 100 micrometers, or greater.确定润滑剂清洁度的常用方法——颗粒计数法，可以检测所有的颗粒（不论其构成），还可以检测0.5到100微米甚至更大的颗粒粒径。Particle counters may use light-interruption, laser-scanning, induction sensors or conductivity mea¬surements.颗粒计数器可使用光干扰、激光扫描、感应传感器或传导性测量。These methods provide analyses that are rapid and inexpensive.采用这些方法进行分析具有快捷、成本低廉的优点。Light-interruption and laser-scanning techniques detect all particles re¬gardless of their composition, whereas induction and conductivity sensors allow discrimination be¬tween ferrous and non-ferrous particles.光干扰、激光扫描计数器可以检测所有的颗粒（不论其构成），而感应传感器或传导性传感器可以对铁金属颗粒和有色金属颗粒进行区分。Theoreti¬cally, all methods are capable of detecting particles in the range of 0.5 to 100 micrometers, or greater.理论上讲，所有方法都可以检测粒径在0.5到100微米（甚至更大）的颗粒。In practical applications the sensitivity, however, may be reduced due to high oil viscosity, oil discoloration (additives, oxidation), opaqueness (water) or air bubbles.但实际应用中，由于油的高度粘性、变色（添加剂、氧化）、不透明型（水）或气泡的原因，敏感度会受到影响。With light-interruption particle counters, the lubri¬cant flows through a small passage while a light beam scans the oil through a window.对于光干扰颗粒计数器，润滑剂从细小的通道中流过，而光束则通过窗口对油进行扫描。Particles in the oil that are within a set size range momentarily interrupt the light beam.油中所含一定粒径范围内的颗粒短暂地对光速产生干扰。The output from a detector that senses the interruption of the light beam is related to the time of interruption and hence the size of the particle.检测器感应到光束受到干扰输出的结果与干扰的时间有关联，因此，也与颗粒的粒径有关联。Laser-scanning particle counters operate on a principle that is similar to that of the light-interruption type, except the oil sample remains stationary in a clear glass container while it is scanned by a revolving laser beam.激光扫描颗粒计数器的工作原理与光干扰颗粒计数器的工作原理类似，不同的是，采用旋转的激光光束扫描时，油样品在透明玻璃容器内仍然保持静止。The particle size range is selectable, as it is with the light-interruption method.采用了光干扰的方法的情况下，可对颗粒粒径范围进行选择。
Translation - Chinese RHZ
F.5.3.3.2 {0>Effects of water contamination水污染的影响The following potential effects could result with elevated levels of water in mineral and PAO based lubricants.以下潜在影响可能造成矿物润滑油和PAO基润滑油的含水量增加。For other lubricant types, such as PAG and esters, one should consult the lubricant manufacturer.对于其它类型，如PAG基润滑油和酯基润滑油，使用时应咨询润滑油生产商。Free and emulsified water are considered to be more harmful than dissolved water.一般认为，自由水和乳化水比溶解水的危害性更大。Therefore, moisture levels should be kept below the saturation point, which for many oils is less than 500 ppm depending on oil type and temperature.因此，含湿量应保持在饱和点以下，许多油的饱和点为500 ppm，根据油的类型和温度的不同有所差别。Water in excess of 500 ppm may contribute to:含水量超过500 ppm可能造成下列情况：Lubricant degradation:润滑油变质：accelerated additive depletion;加速添加剂损耗;accelerated oxidation;加速氧化；interfere with an active lubricant film formation;妨碍活性润滑油膜的形成；contributes to foaming.产生泡沫。Degradation of internal components:内部元件退化:reactions with additives may form residue on critical surfaces and plug filters or clog spray nozzles;与添加剂发生反应，可能在形成关键面上形成沉淀、堵塞过滤器或喷嘴；reaction with the base fluid or additives may promote the hardening of elastomers or the pre¬mature failure of internal coatings such as paints.与基液或添加剂发生反应，促使弹性体硬化或内部涂层（如漆）过早受到破坏；Corrosion of metallic components:腐蚀金属元件：reaction with the base fluid where additives may increase acidity;与基液发生反应，可能造成酸性增加；direct contact with metal surfaces can pro¬duce rust particles that contribute to abrasive wear and act as an oxidation catalyst.直接接触金属表面可能产生锈颗粒，增大磨损并起氧化催化作用。Accelerated metal fatigue:加速金属疲劳：corrosion etch pits may initiate fatigue cracks;侵蚀斑孔可能造成疲劳裂纹；under specific conditions, may lead to hydro¬gen embrittlement that promotes propagation of fatigue cracks.在特定的条件下，可能造成氢脆，加速疲劳裂纹的扩散。F.5.3.4F.5.3.4Spectrochemical analysis光谱化学分析F.5.3.4.1F.5.3.4.1Description描述This test detects microscopic size metal particles in an oil sample.本试验旨在检测油样品中显颗粒径的金属颗粒。The typical spectrometer is capable of identifying about 20 metals, the source of which may be wear debris, contaminants, or inorganic additives in the lubricant.一般分光计可识别约20种金属颗粒，金属颗粒可以来自磨损产物、玷污物或润滑油中的无机添加剂。Knowing the type and quantity of metals can help diagnose wear problems or disclose sources of contamination.了解金属的类型和数量有助于诊断磨损问题或明确玷污来源。For example, a high concentration of iron, chromium, manganese, mo¬lybdenum or nickel could indicate wear debris from gear teeth or bearings.例如，高浓度的铁、铬、锰、钼或镍往往表明磨损产物来源于齿轮或轴承。Spectrochemical analysis is rapid and inexpensive.光谱化学分析具有快捷、成本低廉的特点。The oil sample is burned and the light emitted is separated by diffraction into distinct wavelengths.油样品燃烧发光经衍射后分成不同波长的光。Because each metal has its own characteristic wavelength, specific metals in the oil sample can be identified.由于各种金属有其特有的波长，因此可以识别出油样品中的某些金属。Table F.1 is a general list of elements that may be detected by spectrochemical analysis.表F.1所列元素为光谱化学分析可以检测出的元素总清单。It lists typical sources for each element.同时，还列出了各种元素的典型来源。Table F.1 - Sources of metallic elements表F.1 – 金属元素来源Element元素Symbol元素符号Typical source典型来源Aluminum铝Dirt, labyrinth seals污物、迷宫式密封Antimony锑Journal bearings, grease, additives轴颈轴承、油脂、添加剂Arsenic砷Journal bearings轴颈轴承Barium钡Water, grease, additives水、油脂、添加剂Bismuth铋Journal bearings轴颈轴承Boron硼Additives添加剂Cadmium镉Journal bearings, plating轴颈轴承、金属镀层Calcium钙Additives, water, grease, dirt添加剂、水、油脂、污物Chromium铬Gears, bearings, shafts齿轮、轴承、主轴Cobalt钴Copper铜Bearings, coolers, additives轴承、冷却器、添加剂Indium铟Solder焊条Iron铁Gears, shafts, bearings, rust齿轮、轴承、主轴、铁锈Lead铅Journal bearings, solder, grease, paint轴颈轴承、焊条、油脂、漆Magnesium镁Dirt, additives污物、添加剂Manganese锰Gears, bearings, shafts齿轮、轴承、主轴Molybdenum钼Gears, bearings, shafts, additives齿轮、轴承、主轴、添加剂Nickel镍Gears, shafts, bearings齿轮、主轴、轴承Phosphorus磷Additives添加剂Potassium钾KKDirt污物Silicon硅Additives, dirt, sealants添加剂、粉尘、密封剂Sodium钠Additives, dirt添加剂、污物Tin锡Bearings, solder, coolers轴承、焊条、冷却器Titanium钛Paint, dirt漆、污物Vanadium钒Zinc锌Additives, coolers, brass components添加剂、冷却器、黄铜元件Limitations限制Emission spectroscopy works well for detecting metal particles up a few micrometers.利用发射光谱法检测几微米的金属颗粒，具有不错的效果。Low results are obtained for particles greater than a few microm¬eters because it is incapable of completely and consistently burning large particles.但粒径超过几微米的金属颗粒，结果就要差些，因为大粒径的颗粒无法完全并稳定地燃烧。Therefore, it readily detects particles from mild adhesive wear, polishing and micropitting because wear debris from these wear modes are within the detectable range.因此，利用发射光谱法可以便利地检测轻度磨损、抛光和抗微点蚀中产生的颗粒，其原因在于这些磨损模式下的磨损产物都在可检测范围内。However, failure modes such as severe abrasion, macropitting or scuffing usually generate particles that are larger than 10 micrometers.但诸如严重磨损、抗微点蚀或擦伤等失效模式产生的颗粒粒径通常超过10微米。In such situations, ferrography, particle counting or analysis with a ferrous debris analyzer may be superior monitoring techniques.这时，铁粉记录图、粒子计数、或利用分析器进行的分析等监测方法则更为适用。Emission spectroscopy does not distinguish be¬tween particles of free metal and particles of metal oxides or other compounds of metal.发射光谱法对自由金属颗粒和金属氧化物颗粒或其它金属化合物进行区分。For example, rust particles may show up as increased iron content, but emission spectroscopy cannot identify whether the iron is in the form of wear debris, iron oxide, or iron sulfide.比如，铁锈颗粒可能表现为含铁量增加，但发射光谱法无法识别铁元素是以磨损产物、氧化铁、还是以硫化铁的形式存在。High concentrations of silicon or aluminum may indicate contaminants such as sand, dust or dirt.硅或铝的浓度较高可能表明存在砂、粉尘或污物等玷污物。However, there are other sources for silicon, such as silicone antifoam additives or silicone gasket sealants.但也不排除其他硅来源，如高效有机硅消泡剂或硅橡胶垫圈密封剂。It is therefore important to analyze samples of fresh oil from new oil drums to establish a baseline level of silicon to help distinguish between contaminants and lubricant additives.因此，分析从新油油桶从取出的新油样品，建立硅的基线水平，以助于区分玷污物和润滑添加剂，具有重要意义。Some spectroscopy does not detect sulfur and certain other elements.某些光谱法无法检测硫等特定的其他元素。Specific elements of interest should be requested from the laboratory processing the test.用户应就其关注的特定元素应向进行试验的实验室提出要求。It is helpful to plot the results of spectrochemical analyses over time.绘制时间光谱分析结果点图对确定颗粒来源会有所帮助。The graphs will indicate the normal test variability and will help one follow any trends in test results.点图可以显示正常试验可变性，便于用户把握试验结果的趋势。An accelerating wear problem is most easily predicted from a trend line that is increasing.根据渐增的趋势线，对加速磨损问题的预测就极为简便了。Automatic particle counting自动颗粒计数Particle counters are a common method used to determine lubricant cleanliness.颗粒计数器是确定润滑剂清洁度的常用方法。They monitor the number of particles of a given size range in a given volume of oil sample or a given oil flow.颗粒计数器可以监测给定体积油样品或给定油流量中给定尺寸范围内颗粒的数量。A common method for determining lubricant cleanliness, particle counting, detects all particles regardless of their composition and is capable of detecting particle sizes in the range of 0.5 to 100 micrometers, or greater.确定润滑剂清洁度的常用方法——颗粒计数法，可以检测所有的颗粒（不论其构成），还可以检测0.5到100微米甚至更大的颗粒粒径。Particle counters may use light-interruption, laser-scanning, induction sensors or conductivity mea¬surements.颗粒计数器可使用光干扰、激光扫描、感应传感器或传导性测量。These methods provide analyses that are rapid and inexpensive.采用这些方法进行分析具有快捷、成本低廉的优点。Light-interruption and laser-scanning techniques detect all particles re¬gardless of their composition, whereas induction and conductivity sensors allow discrimination be¬tween ferrous and non-ferrous particles.光干扰、激光扫描计数器可以检测所有的颗粒（不论其构成），而感应传感器或传导性传感器可以对铁金属颗粒和有色金属颗粒进行区分。Theoreti¬cally, all methods are capable of detecting particles in the range of 0.5 to 100 micrometers, or greater.理论上讲，所有方法都可以检测粒径在0.5到100微米（甚至更大）的颗粒。In practical applications the sensitivity, however, may be reduced due to high oil viscosity, oil discoloration (additives, oxidation), opaqueness (water) or air bubbles.但实际应用中，由于油的高度粘性、变色（添加剂、氧化）、不透明型（水）或气泡的原因，敏感度会受到影响。With light-interruption particle counters, the lubri¬cant flows through a small passage while a light beam scans the oil through a window.对于光干扰颗粒计数器，润滑剂从细小的通道中流过，而光束则通过窗口对油进行扫描。Particles in the oil that are within a set size range momentarily interrupt the light beam.油中所含一定粒径范围内的颗粒短暂地对光速产生干扰。The output from a detector that senses the interruption of the light beam is related to the time of interruption and hence the size of the particle.检测器感应到光束受到干扰输出的结果与干扰的时间有关联，因此，也与颗粒的粒径有关联。Laser-scanning particle counters operate on a principle that is similar to that of the light-interruption type, except the oil sample remains stationary in a clear glass container while it is scanned by a revolving laser beam.激光扫描颗粒计数器的工作原理与光干扰颗粒计数器的工作原理类似，不同的是，采用旋转的激光光束扫描时，油样品在透明玻璃容器内仍然保持静止。The particle size range is selectable, as it is with the light-interruption method.采用了光干扰的方法的情况下，可对颗粒粒径范围进行选择。
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Translation education
Bachelor's degree - Southeast University of Political Science and Law
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Years of experience: 20. Registered at ProZ.com: Jan 2009.
Specialist qualifications:
- Four years study of legal English in Southwest University of Political Science and Law
- Systematic practice of legal English translation under guide of tutor from the third year in college
- Diploma in law and English
- Serve as a translator in a translation firm from 2004
- Started professional translation from 2004
- Principally dedicated to law related work, also engaged in tendering, patent, standards, engineering and so forth
Personal Information
Name: Ren Hongzhi
Address: Tangchang Town, Pixian County, Sichuan
Zip Code: 611733
MSN: [email protected]
Tel: 086-13096308120
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