Translation glossary: Medical Research

Angiogenesis is a physiological process involving the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels. Though there has been some debate over this, vasculogenesis is the term used for spontaneous blood-vessel formation, and intussusception is the term for new blood vessel formation by splitting off existing ones.

Angiogenesis is a normal process in growth and development, as well as in wound healing. However, this is also a fundamental step in the transition of tumors from a dormant state to a malignant state.

L'angiogenesi consiste nello sviluppo di nuovi vasi sanguigni a partire da altri già esistenti. E' un processo di fondamentale importanza in molti processi fisiologici, quali la normale crescita del tessuto, lo sviluppo embrionale, la cicatrizzazione delle ferite, il ciclo mestruale, e patologici.

L'angiogenesi patologica può essere suddivisa in attività a bassa attività angiogenica (ad esempio danneggiamento dei tessuti in seguito ad un’ischemia o l’insufficienza cardiaca) o ad alta attività angiogenica (come ad esempio avviene nel cancro (sia tumori solidi sia ematologici) o in infiammazioni croniche (artrite reumatoide, sindrome di Crohn, retinopatia diabetica, psoriasi, endometriosi e l’arteriosclerosi).

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bromothymol blue solution

soluzione blu di bromotimolo

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calcium-dependent

calcio-dipendenti

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CAM (Cell adhesion molecule)

Molecole di adesione (o CAM)

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Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) are proteins located on the cell surface involved with the binding with other cells or with the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the process called cell adhesion.

These proteins are typically transmembrane receptors and are composed of three domains: an intracellular domain that interacts with the cytoskeleton, a transmembrane domain and an extracellular domain that interacts either with other CAMs of the same kind (homophilic binding) or with other CAMs or the extracellular matrix (heterophilic binding).

Le molecole di adesione (o CAM) sono il vero e proprio punto di contatto tra il restante materiale protoplasmatico e il metaplasma. Queste molecole sono principalmente proteine che costituiscono recettori transmembrana composti da tre domini:

* intracellulare, che interagisce con il citoscheletro;
    * transmembrana;
    * extracellulare, che interagisce con altre molecole di adesione dello stesso tipo (legame omofilico) o di altro tipo piuttosto che con la matrice extracellulare (legame eterofilico).

A seconda della densità di proteine, e quindi di contatti tra il metaplasma e la cellula, si può parlare di contatti focali, emidesmosomi, lamine esterne e membrane basali.

cell differentiation

differenziazione delle cellule

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cell kinesis

cinesi delle cellule

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cell metabolism

metabolismo delle cellule

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cell proliferation

proliferazione delle cellule

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cell response

risposta cellulare

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cell survival

sopravvivenza delle cellule

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cellular stress

stress cellulare

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clinical trials

test di sperimentazione (clinica)

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concentrated ammonia

ammonio idrossido concentrato

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consist of an extracellular ligand binding domain

sono costituiti da un dominio extracellulare che lega il ligando

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critical foci

punti critici

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crossactivation pathways

percorsi di attivazione incrociata

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crossattivation

attivazione incrociata

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cytoplasmatic domain

dominio citoplasmatico

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different ligand binding kinetics

diversa cinetica di legame dei ligandi

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dilute hydrocloric acid

acido cloridrico diluito

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dimerization

dimerizzazione

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downregulation

Inibizione dell’espressione del recettore

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EGFR (Epidermal growth factor receptor)

Recettore del fattore di crescita dell'epidermide

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The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; ErbB-1; HER1 in humans) is the cell-surface receptor for members of the epidermal growth factor family (EGF-family) of extracellular protein ligands. The epidermal growth factor receptor is a member of the ErbB family of receptors, a subfamily of four closely related receptor tyrosine kinases: EGFR (ErbB-1), HER2/c-neu (ErbB-2), Her 3 (ErbB-3) and Her 4 (ErbB-4). Mutations affecting EGFR expression or activity could result in cancer.

Il recettore del fattore di crescita dell'epidermide (noto comunemente con l'abbreviazione EGFR, dall'inglese epidermal growth factor receptor) è un recettore di membrana in grado di legare ligandi facenti parte della famiglia dei fattori di crescita dell'epidermide (o EGF).

EGFR è un membro della famiglia dei recettori ErbB, una sottofamiglia di recettori tirosina chinasi che comprende EGFR (ErbB-1), HER2/c-neu (ErbB-2), Her 3 (ErbB-3) ed Her 4 (ErbB-4). Le mutazioni dell'EGFR o la sua attività sono presenti in numerosi tipi tumorali.

electromedical

elettromedicale

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Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)

Fattore di Crescita Epidermica (EGF)

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ethyl acetate

etilacetato

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FGFR (Fibroblast growth factor receptor)

Recettore del fattore di crescita del fibroblasto

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Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)

Fattore di Crescita Fibroblastico (FGF)

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fibronectin type III

fibronectina di tipo 3

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G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

Recettori accoppiati a proteine G

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G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, and G protein-linked receptors (GPLR), comprise a large protein family of transmembrane receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses. G protein-coupled receptors are found only in eukaryotes, including yeast, plants, choanoflagellates, and animals. The ligands that bind and activate these receptors include light-sensitive compounds, odors, pheromones, hormones, and neurotransmitters, and vary in size from small molecules to peptides to large proteins. G protein-coupled receptors are involved in many diseases, but are also the target of around half of all modern medicinal drugs.

I recettori accoppiati alle proteine G (o GPCR) sono una famiglia di recettori biologici che comprende i recettori colinergici muscarinici, i recettori adrenergici, dopaminergici, serotoninergici, i recettori cannabinoidi e i recettori degli oppiacei e delle purine.

generate divergent receptor phosphorylation sites

generano siti di fosforilazione ricettoriale divergenti

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Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF)

Fattore di Crescita degli Epatociti (HGF)

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Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) is a paracrine cellular growth, motility and morphogenic factor. It is secreted by mesenchymal cells and targets and acts primarily upon epithelial cells and endothelial cells, but also acts on haemopoietic progenitor cells. It has been shown to have a major role in embryonic organ development, in adult organ regeneration and in wound healing.

Hepatocyte growth factor regulates cell growth, cell motility, and morphogenesis by activating a tyrosine kinase signaling cascade after binding to the proto-oncogenic c-Met receptor. Hepatocyte growth factor is secreted by mesenchymal cells and acts as a multi-functional cytokine on cells of mainly epithelial origin. Its ability to stimulate mitogenesis, cell motility, and matrix invasion gives it a central role in angiogenesis, tumorogenesis, and tissue regeneration. It is secreted as a single inactive polypeptide and is cleaved by serine proteases into a 69-kDa alpha-chain and 34-kDa beta-chain. A disulfide bond between the alpha and beta chains produces the active, heterodimeric molecule. The protein belongs to the plasminogen subfamily of S1 peptidases but has no detectable protease activity. Alternative splicing of this gene produces multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.

HER (human EGFR)

recettore del fattore di crescita dell'epidermide umano

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