Freirichtergut

English translation: (hist.) Independent Judge's Manorial Estate

GLOSSARY ENTRY (DERIVED FROM QUESTION BELOW)

German term or phrase:	Freirichtergut
English translation:	(hist.) Independent Judge's Manorial Estate
Entered by:	Adrian MM.

15:02 May 18, 2020

German to English translations [PRO]
Genealogy

German term or phrase: Freirichtergut

On a CV from 1935 proving (or disproving) Arian descent.

Whole sentence: Pächter des Freirichtergut in ....

Sarah Verger KudoZ activity Questions: 27 (none open) (4 without valid answers) Answers: 2 United Kingdom
Local time: 23:29

Tenants of the (approx. Independent Judge's) Manorial Estate

Explanation:
Phil G. has - astutely again - pointed out the right spelling of Aryan and AT's ref. rang bells of manorial rights or incidents in English land law.

Possibly Free Judges is confusable with unpaid Justices of the Peace, but in English times and even now, Erik F., Lords of the Manor can exercise residual judicial functions.

My first thought was to label this tenure a 'Christian copyhold', namely an estate copied from the manorial rolls, but I feared an Anglo-centric backlash....

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Note added at 19 heures (2020-05-19 10:18:08 GMT)
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You're welcome.

Before I am accused of being 'over-academic and vegetating in an Ivory Tower of Chancery', I once came on to the tail-end of a long-running E&W probate of a Will - rather than probated such from scratch - of a Lord of the Manor (the doctrine of primogeniture back in history meant no Ladies) and whose independent judgeship of the 'manorial court' in a Home County village went on to be regd. as a 'manorial incident' at HM's Land Registry HQ on Lincoln's Inn Fields (a far cry from Glatz and Bohemia!).

That's why AT's ref. rang loud bells.....

Selected response from:

Adrian MM.
Austria

Grading comment

4 KudoZ points were awarded for this answer

Summary of answers provided

2 +3

Free Judge estate

Erik Freitag

3 +2

Freirichtergut (estate)

Jeanie Eldon

The Estate of someone with bailiff status

Karin Redclift

Tenants of the (approx. Independent Judge's) Manorial Estate

Adrian MM.

Summary of reference entries provided

AllegroTrans

Discussion entries: 1

Answers

5 mins confidence:

peer agreement (net): +3

Free Judge estate

Explanation:
This is what a quick google/wikipedia search seems to hint at. Not sure, though.

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Note added at 5 mins (2020-05-18 15:07:54 GMT)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Judges

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Note added at 9 mins (2020-05-18 15:11:45 GMT)
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Deutsches Rechtswörterbuch online: "es gab im Neitzer und Grottkauer Kreise 65 rittermäßige Scholtiseien mit allen Rechten der Rittergüter, außer dem Patronat über Kirche und Schule und der hohen Gerichtsbarkeit; eine ähnliche Stellung nahmen die Glatzer Freirichtergüter ein"
http://www.rzuser.uni-hd.de/~cd2/drw/e/fr/eiri/chte/rgut/fre...

The Wikipedia article mentions the city Glatz as well.

Erik Freitag
Germany
Local time: 00:29
Native speaker of:

German

Notes to answerer

Asker: Thank you Erik and Ramey. Does it have to be as specific as you say Ramey?

16 mins confidence:

The Estate of someone with bailiff status

Explanation:
Here is the German history of these kind of judges:
Geschichte[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Die Geschichte der Freirichter hängt mit der Besiedlung des zu Böhmen gehörenden Glatzer Kessels mit Deutschen zusammen. Sie begann unter König Wenzel I. und wurde von seinem Sohn Ottokar II. Přemysl intensiviert. Die Zuweisung von Land an die Lokatoren erfolgte durch den Glatzer Burggrafen in seiner Eigenschaft als königlicher Statthalter.
Die Freirichter stammten zumeist von den deutschen Lokatoren ab, denen für den Einsatz bei der Urbarmachung und Besiedlung von zugewiesenem Land vom böhmischen König besondere Rechte eingeräumt wurden. Sie erhielten bis zu sechs Hufen Land und andere Privilegien und waren u. a. verpflichtet, Abgaben für den Grund- bzw. Landesherrn einzuziehen. Demgegenüber wurden die damals schon existierenden tschechischen Dörfer des Glatzer Landes erst allmählich zu deutschem Recht umgesetzt. Sie lagen überwiegend entlang der Straßenverbindungen nach Prag und Brünn und blieben sog. Kammerdörfer, denen ein von der Herrschaft eingesetzter Schulze vorstand. In den neu gegründeten oder zu deutschem Recht umgewandelten Städten bekleidete der Vogt eine dem Freirichter vergleichbare Position. Seit der ersten Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts bestand der „Verband der Vögte und Richter“, der auf die Einhaltung und Durchsetzung der Privilegien achtete.
Urkundlich erwähnt wurden die Freirichter erstmals 1337. Die für sie geltenden Rechtsnormen waren bis in das 14. Jahrhundert mündlich tradiert. Schriftlich niedergelegt wurde deren Rechtsstatus – unter Berufung auf älteres Recht – erstmals durch den böhmischen König Karl IV. am 13. Juli 1348. Neben der Bestätigung der bisherigen Privilegien versprach der König in diesem Dokument den Vögten, Richtern und Scholzen des Glatzer Landes, ihr Land nie mehr von der Krone Böhmens zu trennen, zu verkaufen oder zu verpfänden.

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Note added at 17 mins (2020-05-18 15:19:27 GMT)
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Wikipedia English
[edit]
The history of the Free Judges is closely related to the settlement of ethnic Germans in the Kłodzko Valley. This settlement began under King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia and was intensified during the reign of his son Ottokar II. Land was allocated to the Germans by the Burgrave of Glatz, in his capacity as royal governor.

Example sentence(s):

Die Geschichte der Freirichter hängt mit der Besiedlung des zu Böhmen gehörenden Glatzer Kessels mit Deutschen zusammen.

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freirichter

Karin Redclift
United States
Local time: 15:29
Native speaker of:

German

Notes to answerer

Asker: Thanks Karin.

25 mins confidence:

peer agreement (net): +2

Freirichtergut (estate)

Explanation:
Leave in German with the English word "estate" in brackets

"In the county of Glatz, the Schölzerei estates are also called freerichtergüter or freirichtereien" Cspv. 47 (1932) 251

Example sentence(s):

"In the county of Glatz, the Schölzerei estates are also called freerichtergüter or freirichtereien" Cspv. 47 (1932) 251

Reference: http://www.rzuser.uni-hd.de/~cd2/drw/e/fr/eiri/chte/rgut/fre...

Jeanie Eldon
United Kingdom
Local time: 23:29
Native speaker of:

English

Notes to answerer

Asker: Thanks Jeanie. I will probably leave it in German as you say, but use Free Judge Estate by way of explanation.

6 hrs confidence:

Pächter des Freirichtergut

Tenants of the (approx. Independent Judge's) Manorial Estate

Grafschaft Glatz--- war Sitz des königlichen Amtes, der Glatzer Stände und des Glatzer Landtages, dem der hohe Adel, die Ritter und als Dritter Stand die Freirichter angehörten. Die Freirichter verloren ihre Standeseigenschaft 1622 an die Immediat-Stä
The lord held a manorial court, governed by public law and local custom. Not all territorial seigneurs were secular; bishops and abbots also held lands that entailed similar obligations.

Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorial_court
Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyhold

Adrian MM.
Austria
Native speaker of:

English
PRO pts in category: 4

Notes to answerer

Asker: Thanks Adrian. I guess this is the most informative solution and covers all grounds.

Reference comments

1 hr peer agreement (net): +1

Reference

Reference information:
The Free Judges were a class of land owners in the County of Kladsko (German: Glatz, Polish: Kłodzko) who belonged to the Third Estate.

History

The history of the Free Judges is closely related to the settlement of ethnic Germans in the Kłodzko Valley. This settlement began under King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia and was intensified during the reign of his son Ottokar II. Land was allocated to the Germans by the Burgrave of Glatz, in his capacity as royal governor.

The Free Judges descended mostly from German lokators. These were people who had been granted special privileges by the King of Bohemia to reclaim and settle uninhabited areas. German law was gradually implemented in the Czech villages which already existed in the area before the arrival of the Germans. These villages were mostly located along the roads to Prague and Brno and were administered by a Schultheiß, an official appointed by the Burgrave. The German villages were administered by a Vogt, an official with a comparable position. Since the first half of the 14th century, they were organized in an Association of Vogts and Judges, who saw to the compliance and enforcement of various privileges.

The Free Judges were first mentioned in a document dated 1337. The laws applicable to them were handed down orally until the 14th century. They were first written down by King Charles IV on 13 July 1348, who referred to older laws. This document confirmed existing privileges and promised that Kłodzko would never be separated from the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, nor would it be sold or mortgaged. However, the King broke his promise only two years later, when his friend Arnošt of Pardubice, who was Archbishop of Prague donated the two villages of Starków and Szalejów Dolny, which belonged to him and his two brothers, to the Canons Regular of Glatz. Since all subjects in these two villages should be under the jurisdiction of their new landlord, the King subjected the Free Judges of these villages to the Archbishop. They objected, however, the King forced them to submit to the Augustinian priory.

Unlike the Free Judges, the nobility in Kłodzko held their property only as a royal fief. This meant that they were not allowed to sell it, and it could only be inherited in the male line. If no male heir existed, the fief returned to the Crown. Consequently, the noblemen tried to acquire the estates of the Free Judges, which were unencumbered. The cities and the Jesuits in the area also tried to acquire these estates. Some of the Free Judges became wealthy and gained prestige and came to be seen as lower nobility. However, in the Landtag, they formed a third estate, next to the nobility and the clergy. Legally, they were subject to the Court in Kłodzko.

During the Bohemian Revolt of 1618, most of the Free Judges sided with the rebels. They elected Free Judge Hans Wolf of Długopole Górne as their leader. He excelled during the defense of Bystrzyca Kłodzka. Nevertheless, imperial troops conquered the County of Kladsko in 1622. In 1625, 49 Free Judges were sentenced to fines, or loss of up to two thirds of their property. Almost all of the Free Judges were Protestants; in 1625 they were forced to choose between converting to Catholicism, or emigrating.

During this period, the Free Judges lost most of their wealth to fines, looting and war taxes. They also lost their legal privileges, however, these privileges were restore on 7 May 1652, after they paid Emperor Ferdinand III a large sum of money. These privileges included, depending of the deed in which they were granted, brewery rights, they right to license pubs and bars, the right to sell licences for various crafts, the right to hunt foxes and hares, fishing rights and the right to hunt birds. In the next decades, most of the land held by Free Judges was acquired by noble families. The villages of Łężyce and Strachocin were raised to manors.

After serfdom was abolished, most of the privileges associated with the Free Judges' estates were lost. The estates continued to exist as landed estates.
The estate of a Free Judge
The estate of a Free Judge was a separate legal entity with dominium rights. Such an estate would include land and forest, but also mills, craft workshops and often a pub, brewing rights and fishing rights. The subjects had to pay rent and provide certain services. An estate could be inherited by a child of either gender. When an estate was sold, the rights and privileges belonging to the estate were included in the sale. No taxes were levied on the estate itself, only on land added later.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Judges

AllegroTrans
United Kingdom
Works in field
Native speaker of:

English

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Freirichtergut

English translation: (hist.) Independent Judge's Manorial Estate

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