Open pollinated varieties
Polish translation: odmiana zapylana swobodnie / naturalnie
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| 17:33 Mar 23, 2019 |
| English to Polish translations [PRO] Science - Agriculture / general | |||||||
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|  Selected response from: Jacek Kloskowski United States Local time: 11:32 | ||||||
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| 3 | odmiana zapylana swobodnie / naturalnie |
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Answers
8 days confidence: 
| open pollinated varieties odmiana zapylana swobodnie / naturalnie Explanation: Open pollination "Open pollination" and "open pollinated" refer to a variety of concepts in the context of the sexual reproduction of plants. Generally speaking, the term refers to plants pollinated naturally by birds, insects, wind, or human hands. (...) True-breeding definition[edit] "Open pollinated" generally refers to seeds that will "breed true". When the plants of an open-pollinated variety self-pollinate, or are pollinated by another representative of the same variety, the resulting seeds will produce plants roughly identical to their parents. This is in contrast to the seeds produced by plants that are the result of a recent cross (such as, but not confined to, an F1 hybrid), which are likely to show a wide variety of differing characteristics. Open-pollinated varieties are also often referred to as standard varieties or, when the seeds have been saved across generations or across several decades, heirloom varieties.[2] While heirlooms are usually open-pollinated, open-pollinated seeds are not necessarily heirlooms; open-pollinated varieties are still being developed. One of the challenges in maintaining an open-pollinated variety is avoiding introduction of pollen from other strains. Based on how broadly the pollen for the plant tends to disperse, it can be controlled to varying degrees by greenhouses, tall wall enclosures, field isolation, or other techniques. Because they breed true, the seeds of open-pollinated plants are often saved by home gardeners and farmers. [3] Popular examples of open-pollinated plants include heirloom tomatoes, beans, peas, and many other garden vegetables. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_pollination Eglish open polllination: Polish Zapylanie naturalne Zapylanie swobodne Zapylanie przez wiatr http://bartoc-skosmos.unibas.ch/GACS/en/page/?uri=C16750 open pollination zapylanie naturalne aa) open pollinated varieties aa) jedną dla odmian zapylanych naturalnie zapylanie przez wiatr ×zapylanie przez wiatr back translations:natural pollination open pollination wind pollination zapylanie swobodne (aa) open-pollinated varieties: (aa) dla odmian zapylanych swobodnie https://pl.glosbe.com/en/pl/open pollination -------------------------------------------------- Note added at 8 days (2019-04-01 05:48:46 GMT) -------------------------------------------------- What is an open-pollinated variety? The name, open-pollinated variety, refers to how the farmers replenished their seed stock. After a new variety was produced by crossing two varieties, a farmer propagated this new variety by saving the seed from the most desirable ears from the most desirable plants each fall. These ears were open-pollinated ears. That is, there was no effort to control the source of the pollen. The pollen that fell on the silks of these ears was dispersed from tassels of nearby plants by wind and insects. The result of this open-pollination was that every plant grown from saved seed was genetically unique. However, all the plants shared certain characteristics that were desirable to the farmer. Grain productivity was certainly one of these characteristics, but not the only one. For example, James Reid, who developed the Reid open-pollinated variety with his father in central Illinois, was an artist. He selected for a corn with a small shank that could be easily hand-harvested without spraining his artist’s wrist. All the open-pollinated varieties grown in the United States in the 19th and early 20th centuries were developed by farmers. There were no professional corn breeders. The farmers were the corn breeders. http://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformat... Inbreeding, Hybrid Vigor, and Hybrid Corn (...) Under self-pollination, the silks of an ear are pollinated by pollen from the same plant. Typically, little self-pollination occurs in a field of corn. Most silks of a given plant are pollinated by pollen from surrounding plants. This is known as cross-pollination (Figure 8). When a plant from an open-pollinated variety is self-pollinated, all the progeny resemble that plant, although they all differ from each other and from the parent plant to some extent. If one of the progeny plants is self-pollinated, the new progeny again differ from each other and from the parent plant, but the degree of the difference is not as great as occurred after the first self-pollination. If this process is repeated about seven times, then a plant known as an inbred is produced. An inbred is a pure-breeding strain of corn. This means that if an inbred is self-pollinated, all of the progeny will be genetically identical to each other and to the inbred parent. This process of repeated self-pollinations is known as inbreeding. Inbreeding corn results in loss of vigor (Figure 9). In figure 9, the plant at the far left is non-inbred, the plant second from left was produced by one generation of self-pollination, and the two plants on the right were produced by two generations of self-pollination. Inbred plants developed from open-pollinated varieties of corn are not as vigorous or high yielding as the non-inbred plants of the open-pollinated varieties. But what East and Shull observed was that when the self-pollinated plants were cross-pollinated to produce hybrid progeny, these plants sometimes were even more vigorous than the plants from which the inbreds had been developed. This phenomenon is called hybrid vigor (Figures 10a and 10b). A hybrid developed by crossing two inbreds is known as a single-cross hybrid. As is true for an inbred, all plants of a single-cross hybrid are genetically identical to each other. The productivity of a hybrid depends on the relationship between the two inbreds. A hybrid produced by crossing two inbreds developed from different but equally productive open-pollinated varieties usually will produce a more vigorous hybrid than one produced by crossing two inbreds from the same open-pollinated variety. When a single-cross hybrid is allowed to open-pollinate (as happens in a farmer’s field), approximately half the hybrid vigor is lost. This is the basis of the hybrid corn seed industry. The crop produced from open-pollinated seed harvested from a single-cross hybrid will not be as productive as the original single cross. http://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformat... The yield advantage of a single-cross hybrid produced by crossing two inbreds developed from two different open-pollinated varieties over the average of the two open-pollinated varieties varies greatly depending upon the open-pollinated varieties that are chosen. It may be as great as 100%, but in many instances will be less. But improvement in average yields from 1930 to 2002 was 400%. In addition to hybrid vigor, genetic improvements were made. Today’s single-cross hybrids yield more than the single-cross hybrids of 70 years ago. Also, public corn breeders have developed many varieties (often called populations or synthetics) that are superior to the open-pollinated varieties that were popular before the introduction of hybrids. http://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformat... |
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