tezak

English translation: villein

GLOSSARY ENTRY (DERIVED FROM QUESTION BELOW)
Croatian term or phrase:težak
English translation:villein
Entered by: Vesna Maširević

10:30 Mar 22, 2012
Croatian to English translations [PRO]
History / law and history
Croatian term or phrase: tezak
Bezuspješno tražim prijevod riječi "težak" na engleski, ne mogu se sjetiti ni engleske povijesti koju smo radili na studijama: osim lords i vassals postojao je još niži sloj 'tenants' koji su zapravo bili u boljem položaju od težaka u nas. Navod u kojem se nalazi riječ ili izvedenica te riječi je doista nevjerojatan. sudska presuda koja se poziva na zakone o ukidanju feudalnih odnosa u Dalmaciji i primorju te kaže:
"Svi težači i njima slični odnosi na području Dalmacije i Hrvatskoga primorja koji nisu bili pravomoćno razriješeni na temelju to Zakona, konačno su uminuti Zakonom o ukidanju agrarnih odnosa feudalnog karaktera na području Dalmacije i Hrvatskog Primorja...."
i riječ uminuti me podsjećan na povijest (moja je bako koristila u ovom smislu), ali težači odnosi me sasvim zbunjuju. Any ideas?
Maria Callebaut-Blagojevic
Belgium
Local time: 18:12
villein
Explanation:
http://hjp.srce.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=f19nWxB8&k...
tèžāk ~ pov. zemljoradnik koji obrađuje zemlju prema ugovoru sa zemljoposjednikom; za razliku od kmeta, težak je slobodan

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/villein
villein ~ One of a class of feudal serfs who held the legal status of freemen in their dealings with all people except their lord.

http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/villein.htm
The Medieval villein was a peasant who worked his lord's land and paid him certain dues in return for the use of land, the possession (not the ownership) of which was heritable. The dues were usually in the form of labor on the lord's land.

A villein was initially one of a class of feudal serfs who initially held the legal status of freemen in their dealings with all people except their lord. A medieval village or manor usually contained several classes of laborers, consisting of the villein, the serf and peasant.

http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaštela
Provodi se Agrarna reforma, seljaci (težaci) postaju vlasnici zemlje koju obrađuju.

http://www.castlesandmanorhouses.com/demesnes.htm
Villein - A peasant or villein was a low status tenant who worked as an agricultural worker or laborer. A peasant or villein usually cultivated 20-40 acres of land
Serf - Medieval Serfs were peasants who worked his lord's land and paid him certain dues in return for the use of land, the possession but not the ownership of which was heritable. Dues were usually in the form of labor on the lord's land. Medieval Serfs were expected to work for approximately 3 days each week on the lord's land. .....

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Note added at 6 hrs (2012-03-22 17:17:29 GMT)
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http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd...

Kroz čitavo vrijeme austrijske uprave ovdje su ostali zemljišni odnosi iz prethodnog perioda, za koje se u literaturi obično upotrebljava naziv kolonat (Pored naziva kolonat, susrećemo i naziv težaština, koloništvo, livel, odnosno za obrađivača zemlje naziv težak i polovnik). Radi se o posebnoj vrsti agrarnih odnosa, karakterističnih za područje Mediterana pa ovu agrarnu ustanovu osim u Dalmaciji susrećemo u Istri i Veneciji.
Posebnost kolonata čiji počeci datiraju još iz rimskih vremena sastojala se u tome što vlasnik daje zemlju u zakup, a seljak je, ovisno o pogodbi, dužan određeni dio prinosa dati vlasniku.
Razlika između kolona i kmeta bila je obavezama prema gospodaru. Dok je kolon imao kuću i nešto vlastite zemlje, te za uzajmljenu zemlju samo plaćao u poljoprivrednim proizvodima, kmet je, budući da nije imao ni vlastite kuće ni zemlje, dobivao od gospodara kuću i vrt, pa je zbog toga pored obaveza sličnih težakovim, morao još određeni broj dana raditi na zemlji koju je vlasnik obrađivao u vlastitoj režiji i bio je dužan davati poklone.


--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 6 hrs (2012-03-22 17:18:30 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------

A težački odnosi ~ Villeinage, as opposed to other forms of serfdom, was most common in Continental European feudalism, where land ownership had developed from roots in Roman law.... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom#Villeins

--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 1 day8 hrs (2012-03-23 18:48:16 GMT) Post-grading
--------------------------------------------------

http://www.enotes.com/topic/Villein_(feudal)
Villeins thus occupied the social space between a free peasant (or "freeman") and a slave. The majority of medieval European peasants were villeins. Basically, they are villagers.
The term derives from Late Latin villanus, meaning a man employed at a Roman villa rustica, or large agricultural estate.

http://web.efzg.hr/dok//MGR/Bogdan//Hrvati_kasnii_srednji_vi...
Gospodarski razvoj Dalmacije do početka XV st.
Veći posjed jednog vlasnika naziva se selo (villa)
Selected response from:

Vesna Maširević
Serbia
Local time: 18:12
Grading comment
You are a genious:-) JE, to je upravo ono sto mi treba. Kmet je iznad tezaka, koji nema uopce zemlje.
4 KudoZ points were awarded for this answer



Summary of answers provided
3 +3villein
Vesna Maširević
3 +2labourer, peon
ivanamdb
4farm hand
MojoIvanovic
4 -1wageworker
Davor Ivic
3farm labourer
Mira Stepanovic


Discussion entries: 10





  

Answers


6 mins   confidence: Answerer confidence 3/5Answerer confidence 3/5 peer agreement (net): +2
labourer, peon


Explanation:
ako me sjecanje ne vara tezak je na talijanskom bracciante, a na engleskom bi bilo "labourer" ili "peon", mislim da su ta dva pojma najbliza hrvatskom terminu.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peon
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/peon

ivanamdb
Local time: 17:12
Native speaker of: Native in CroatianCroatian, Native in EnglishEnglish

Peer comments on this answer (and responses from the answerer)
agree  dkalinic: Uvjetno se slažem za laborer ali ne i za peon. Peon obuhvaća debt bondage, što kod težaka nije slučaj.
2 hrs

agree  Kolumbina Benčević Tomljanović: da, laborer nije loše, a iz njega se može izvesti i pridjev, što kolegicu zapravo najviše muči
2 hrs
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40 mins   confidence: Answerer confidence 4/5Answerer confidence 4/5 peer agreement (net): -1
wageworker


Explanation:
Radi se zapravo o najamnom, radniku meni se čini ovo najbliže...

Davor Ivic
Croatia
Local time: 18:12
Native speaker of: Native in CroatianCroatian, Native in EnglishEnglish

Peer comments on this answer (and responses from the answerer)
disagree  dkalinic: Davore, najamni radnici i feudalni sustav ne idu skupa.
1 hr
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1 hr   confidence: Answerer confidence 3/5Answerer confidence 3/5
farm labourer


Explanation:
težak - farm labourer
težačiti - to work as a farm labourer
ref. SH-EN r., Morton benson

Mira Stepanovic
Serbia
Local time: 18:12
Native speaker of: Native in SerbianSerbian, Native in Serbo-CroatSerbo-Croat

Peer comments on this answer (and responses from the answerer)
disagree  dkalinic: Ne, jer se radi o težačkim odnosima u feudalnom sustavu. Morton-Benson ima dosta bisera pa se za njim ne valja povoditi.
40 mins
  -> Hvala, videla sam vaš stav prema tom rečniku na forumu mada je ovo sasvim prihvatljivo značenje u savremenom okruženju, nisam pažljivo pročitala kontekst, v. diskusiju.

agree  MojoIvanovic: Taj se prevod nalazi i u dva rječnika naših autora koje sam naveo pod "farm hand".
1 day 2 hrs
  -> Hvala!
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1 day 3 hrs   confidence: Answerer confidence 4/5Answerer confidence 4/5
farm hand


Explanation:
Pojašnjenje razlike između kmeta (serf) i težaka može se pročitati u diskusiji na ovoj temi pa umjesto da dužim, dajem odmah reference za farm hand.


Srpskohrvatsko – engleski rečnik, Grujić:

težak:
labourer, field labourer, farm labourer, farm hand.


Veliki hrvatsko-engleski rječnik, Bujas:

težak:
farm / field / agricultural laborer, farm hand.

MojoIvanovic
Native speaker of: Native in Serbo-CroatSerbo-Croat

Peer comments on this answer (and responses from the answerer)
neutral  dkalinic: Da, ali oba rječnika navode značenje riječi u suvremenom okružju. Kolegica navodi feudalne odnose pa zato farm hand nije odgovarajući pojam. Farm laborer može biti samo netko tko radi na imanju i ne govori ništa o odnosu do gospodara.
43 mins
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4 hrs   confidence: Answerer confidence 3/5Answerer confidence 3/5 peer agreement (net): +3
težak
villein


Explanation:
http://hjp.srce.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=f19nWxB8&k...
tèžāk ~ pov. zemljoradnik koji obrađuje zemlju prema ugovoru sa zemljoposjednikom; za razliku od kmeta, težak je slobodan

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/villein
villein ~ One of a class of feudal serfs who held the legal status of freemen in their dealings with all people except their lord.

http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/villein.htm
The Medieval villein was a peasant who worked his lord's land and paid him certain dues in return for the use of land, the possession (not the ownership) of which was heritable. The dues were usually in the form of labor on the lord's land.

A villein was initially one of a class of feudal serfs who initially held the legal status of freemen in their dealings with all people except their lord. A medieval village or manor usually contained several classes of laborers, consisting of the villein, the serf and peasant.

http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaštela
Provodi se Agrarna reforma, seljaci (težaci) postaju vlasnici zemlje koju obrađuju.

http://www.castlesandmanorhouses.com/demesnes.htm
Villein - A peasant or villein was a low status tenant who worked as an agricultural worker or laborer. A peasant or villein usually cultivated 20-40 acres of land
Serf - Medieval Serfs were peasants who worked his lord's land and paid him certain dues in return for the use of land, the possession but not the ownership of which was heritable. Dues were usually in the form of labor on the lord's land. Medieval Serfs were expected to work for approximately 3 days each week on the lord's land. .....

--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 6 hrs (2012-03-22 17:17:29 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd...

Kroz čitavo vrijeme austrijske uprave ovdje su ostali zemljišni odnosi iz prethodnog perioda, za koje se u literaturi obično upotrebljava naziv kolonat (Pored naziva kolonat, susrećemo i naziv težaština, koloništvo, livel, odnosno za obrađivača zemlje naziv težak i polovnik). Radi se o posebnoj vrsti agrarnih odnosa, karakterističnih za područje Mediterana pa ovu agrarnu ustanovu osim u Dalmaciji susrećemo u Istri i Veneciji.
Posebnost kolonata čiji počeci datiraju još iz rimskih vremena sastojala se u tome što vlasnik daje zemlju u zakup, a seljak je, ovisno o pogodbi, dužan određeni dio prinosa dati vlasniku.
Razlika između kolona i kmeta bila je obavezama prema gospodaru. Dok je kolon imao kuću i nešto vlastite zemlje, te za uzajmljenu zemlju samo plaćao u poljoprivrednim proizvodima, kmet je, budući da nije imao ni vlastite kuće ni zemlje, dobivao od gospodara kuću i vrt, pa je zbog toga pored obaveza sličnih težakovim, morao još određeni broj dana raditi na zemlji koju je vlasnik obrađivao u vlastitoj režiji i bio je dužan davati poklone.


--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 6 hrs (2012-03-22 17:18:30 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------

A težački odnosi ~ Villeinage, as opposed to other forms of serfdom, was most common in Continental European feudalism, where land ownership had developed from roots in Roman law.... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom#Villeins

--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 1 day8 hrs (2012-03-23 18:48:16 GMT) Post-grading
--------------------------------------------------

http://www.enotes.com/topic/Villein_(feudal)
Villeins thus occupied the social space between a free peasant (or "freeman") and a slave. The majority of medieval European peasants were villeins. Basically, they are villagers.
The term derives from Late Latin villanus, meaning a man employed at a Roman villa rustica, or large agricultural estate.

http://web.efzg.hr/dok//MGR/Bogdan//Hrvati_kasnii_srednji_vi...
Gospodarski razvoj Dalmacije do početka XV st.
Veći posjed jednog vlasnika naziva se selo (villa)

Vesna Maširević
Serbia
Local time: 18:12
Native speaker of: Native in SerbianSerbian, Native in Serbo-CroatSerbo-Croat
PRO pts in category: 8
Grading comment
You are a genious:-) JE, to je upravo ono sto mi treba. Kmet je iznad tezaka, koji nema uopce zemlje.

Peer comments on this answer (and responses from the answerer)
agree  Mira Stepanovic: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/villein One of a class of feudal serfs who held the legal status of freemen in their dealings with all people except their lord.
19 mins
  -> Hvala!

agree  dkalinic: To je to.
3 hrs
  -> Hvala!

agree  Anira: Bravo koleginice.
4 hrs
  -> Hvala ;)

agree  Kolumbina Benčević Tomljanović: svaka čast! upravo naučih novi izraz :)
22 hrs
  -> Hvala. I sama sam mnogo štošta naučila tražeći reference :)

disagree  MojoIvanovic: Villein, tj. 'a person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord' znači kmet. Težak, s druge str, ima vlastitu zemlju, a tzv. 'polovinu' (faktički, četvrtinu) proizvoda daje samo sa zemlje 'gospara' oko korištenja koje se dogovorio s gosparom.
23 hrs
  -> Zapravo kmet = serf ("villein ~ One of a class of feudal serfs") / a vidim i dvoumili ste se oko Agree/Disagree.. :)
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