Xc-heteroexchange system
Polish translation: system antyporterowy Xc- wymiany cysteiny na glutamininian
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| 05:23 Sep 8, 2019 |
| English to Polish translations [PRO] Science - Biology (-tech,-chem,micro-) | |||||||
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|  Selected response from: Frank Szmulowicz, Ph. D. United States Local time: 21:09 | ||||||
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| 2 | system antyporterowy Xc- wymiany cysteiny na glutamininian |
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| Xc antiporter |
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Answers
7 hrs confidence: 
| xc-heteroexchange system system antyporterowy Xc- wymiany cysteiny na glutamininian Explanation: See the reference comment. cccccc Also involved is the glutamate/cystine Xc - antiporter. The latter is involved in glutamate exchange, with the intracellular movement of cystine used in glutathione synthesis. Excess extracellular glutamate inhibits cystine transfer, resulting in a decrease in intraneuronal glutathione levels. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fa69/a3482d62d178de9e531228... |
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Reference comments
7 hrs |
| Reference: Xc antiporter Reference information: The antiporter system xc− imports the amino acid cystine, the oxidized form of cysteine, into cells with a 1:1 counter-transport of glutamate. It is composed of a light chain, xCT, and a heavy chain, 4F2 heavy chain (4F2hc), and, thus, belongs to the family of heterodimeric amino acid transporters. Cysteine is the rate-limiting substrate for the important antioxidant glutathione (GSH) and, along with cystine, it also forms a key redox couple on its own. Glutamate is a major neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). By phylogenetic analysis, we show that system xc− is a rather evolutionarily new amino acid transport system. In addition, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms that regulate system xc−, including the transcriptional regulation of the xCT light chain, posttranscriptional mechanisms, and pharmacological inhibitors of system xc−. Moreover, the roles of system xc− in regulating GSH levels, the redox state of the extracellular cystine/cysteine redox couple, and extracellular glutamate levels are discussed. In vitro, glutamate-mediated system xc− inhibition leads to neuronal cell death, a paradigm called oxidative glutamate toxicity, which has successfully been used to identify neuroprotective compounds. In vivo, xCT has a rather restricted expression pattern with the highest levels in the CNS and parts of the immune system. System xc− is also present in the eye. Moreover, an elevated expression of xCT has been reported in cancer. We highlight the diverse roles of system xc− in the regulation of the immune response, in various aspects of cancer and in the eye and the CNS. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 18, 522–555 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3545354/ |
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