Sorry for taking so long to reply. Maybe my added explanation can be of some help here.
"raus" is short for "heraus" or "hinauf":
rausgehen = herausgehen/hinausgehen
http://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/rausgehenrauskommen = herauskommen
http://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/raufkommenraufgehen = heraufgehen/hinaufgehen
http://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/raufgehenWhat all of your examples have in common is that they are colloquial (not to be used in writing) and much like in English, they are just a shorter version of a more formal word; more precisely, the only thing that is shorter is the prefix "heraus," while the meaning should be the same. Cf.:
http://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/heraus_https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/heraus-But even in informal settings, you would observe German grammar rules to some extent. In your first example, it's "raus
gekommen," as Ramey said, because it's present perfect (ist...(he)rausgekommen -> Partizip II:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partizip#Bildung_des_Partizip_... ).
Simple past example: "Was kam dabei raus?"
Best wishes