krijgshof

English translation: military tribunal

18:55 Jul 16, 2016
Dutch to English translations [PRO]
Law/Patents - Law (general) / military
Dutch term or phrase: krijgshof
In a text I am doing it I have been translating Krijgsraad as military court. Suddenly, krijgshof appears.

"Het krijgshof is dus milder in zijn oordeel dan de krijgsraad" Any suggestions for these terms please?
jethro
English translation:military tribunal
Explanation:
This was the preferred term used in a translation I performed a year ago...

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Note added at 17 hrs (2016-07-17 12:44:30 GMT)
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Krijgshof
http://www.vlaamswoordenboek.be/definities/term/Krijgshof
militair hoog gerechtshof

gerechtshof
Van Dale
court of justice


tribunal
ODE
2. A court of Justice.
Selected response from:

Brian Quigley
Netherlands
Local time: 00:10
Grading comment
Selected automatically based on peer agreement.
4 KudoZ points were awarded for this answer



Summary of answers provided
4 +3military tribunal
Brian Quigley
3 +2military appellation court
Etienne Muylle Wallace
2military high court (‘krijgshof’)
Michael Beijer
Summary of reference entries provided
refs
Michael Beijer
Barend van Zadelhoff
Ref
Kitty Brussaard

Discussion entries: 32





  

Answers


5 mins   confidence: Answerer confidence 3/5Answerer confidence 3/5 peer agreement (net): +2
military appellation court


Explanation:
One goes to a 'rechtbank' or 'raadkamer', and then for appeal to a HOF VAN BEROEP.
It is a pure logic suggestion.

Etienne Muylle Wallace
Spain
Local time: 00:10
Native speaker of: Native in DutchDutch, Native in FrenchFrench
PRO pts in category: 6

Peer comments on this answer (and responses from the answerer)
agree  Barend van Zadelhoff: The correct terms seem to be: Military Court of Appeal (50.500 G-hits); Military Appellate Court (3.930 G-hits); Military Appeal Court (2.290 G-hits); Military Appeals Court (17.400 G-hits). As far as I can see, these terms are often used interchangeably
40 mins

neutral  writeaway: The copy/paste references show it's military high court. Turns out it's Belgian.
1 hr

neutral  Adrian MM. (X): Military Appeal(s) Court, if anything
3 hrs

agree  Kitty Brussaard: With your interpretation, even though the proposed term is not fully correct/idiomatic and should be tweaked as suggested by the two other colleagues above. Courts-martial appeal court might be another option.
1 day 2 hrs
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3 hrs   confidence: Answerer confidence 2/5Answerer confidence 2/5
military high court (‘krijgshof’)


Explanation:
In a pinch, this is what I would probably use. No time for more googling.

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Note added at 3 hrs (2016-07-16 22:25:19 GMT)
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Van Dale NL/EN:
Krijgshof, het (in België) = military high court

Van Dale online:
Krijgshof (het; o) (België) = 1. hoogste militaire rechtbank

Michael Beijer
United Kingdom
Local time: 23:10
Works in field
Native speaker of: Native in EnglishEnglish
PRO pts in category: 189
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7 mins   confidence: Answerer confidence 4/5Answerer confidence 4/5 peer agreement (net): +3
military tribunal


Explanation:
This was the preferred term used in a translation I performed a year ago...

--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 17 hrs (2016-07-17 12:44:30 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------

Krijgshof
http://www.vlaamswoordenboek.be/definities/term/Krijgshof
militair hoog gerechtshof

gerechtshof
Van Dale
court of justice


tribunal
ODE
2. A court of Justice.


Brian Quigley
Netherlands
Local time: 00:10
Works in field
Native speaker of: Native in EnglishEnglish
PRO pts in category: 12
Grading comment
Selected automatically based on peer agreement.

Peer comments on this answer (and responses from the answerer)
neutral  Barend van Zadelhoff: The International Military Tribunal(1945-1946). During World War II//Krijgshof: krijgsraad voor officieren en hoger beroep na een veroordeling door de krijgsraad --> Vlaams woordenboek
39 mins

agree  Adrian MM. (X): for the US + UK. Begs the question whether Krijgsraad is, as per Cassell's NL/EN dictionary 1. a Council of War, like the warring discussion entrants or 2. a Court-Martial generally = metes out severer punishment than a tribunal would.
4 hrs

agree  writeaway: I'll return my agree. Van Dale doesn't always get it right and it's the only reference around.
5 hrs

agree  Tina Vonhof (X)
19 hrs
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Reference comments


21 mins
Reference: refs

Reference information:
Van Dale NL/EN:
Krijgshof, het (in België)= military high court

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Note added at 23 mins (2016-07-16 19:18:27 GMT)
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Van Dale online:
Krijgshof (het; o) (België)
1.hoogste militaire rechtbank

(http://www.vandale.nl/opzoeken?pattern=Krijgshof&lang=nn#.V4... )

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Note added at 24 mins (2016-07-16 19:19:45 GMT)
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Van Dale NL-NL online:

krijgsraad:
1. militaire rechtbank
2. vergadering om een plan te maken

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Note added at 45 mins (2016-07-16 19:40:54 GMT)
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hij werd nog tijdens de oorlog berecht door de krijgsraad en het krijgshof.
=
He was tried by court-martial and by the military high court during wartime.

(http://www.wt.be/index.php/wt/article/view/7039 )

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Note added at 3 hrs (2016-07-16 22:16:29 GMT)
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"C. Krijgshof

Chronologie:
• 1815‐1831 : Hoog krijgshof in Den Haag
• 1831‐1849 : Hoog krijgshof in Brussel
• 1849‐2003 : Krijgshof

(Archiefgids van het militair gerecht @ http://extranet.arch.be/pdf/P54/P5459_volledig.pdf )"

Michael Beijer
United Kingdom
Works in field
Native speaker of: Native in EnglishEnglish
PRO pts in category: 189
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40 mins
Reference

Reference information:
Krijgshof: krijgsraad voor officieren en hoger beroep na een veroordeling door de krijgsraad

http://www.vlaamswoordenboek.be/definities/toon/3634



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Note added at 49 mins (2016-07-16 19:45:07 GMT)
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Military tribunals are distinct from courts-martial.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tribunals_in_the_Unit...

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Note added at 1 hr (2016-07-16 20:08:56 GMT)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial

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Note added at 1 hr (2016-07-16 20:37:20 GMT)
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Finland

In addition, they may handle criminal cases against civilians in areas where ordinary courts have ceased operation, if the matter is urgent. Such courts-martial have a learned judge as a president and two military members: an officer and an NCO, warrant officer or a private soldier. The verdicts of a war-time court-martial can be appealed to a court of appeals.

Luxembourg

In Luxembourg, there are three levels of military jurisdiction:
- The lowest is the Council of War which is composed of one Lieutenant-Colonel (or higher), one Captain (or higher) and one civilian judge of a District Court.
- The Military Court of Appeal is composed of two high magistrates of an civilian Court of Appeal and one Major (or higher).
- At the top is the Military High Court which deals not only with military cases, but also with acts of high treason, sabotage, organized forms of terrorism and crimes against humanity. It is composed of two magistrates of a civilian Court of Appeal, one judge of a civilian District Court and one Lieutenant-Colonel (or higher) of the Army.[6]

Belgium not discussed.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial


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Note added at 5 hrs (2016-07-17 00:43:04 GMT)
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I would like to mention in response to Adrian MM:

for the US + UK. Begs the question whether Krijgsraad is, as per Cassell's NL/EN dictionary 1. a Council of War, like the warring discussion entrants or 2. a Court-Martial generally = metes out severer punishment than a tribunal would.

Wiki offers:

United Kingdom:

The Court Martial is one of the Military Courts of the United Kingdom.
The Armed Forces Act 2006 establishes the Court Martial as a permanent standing court. Previously courts-martial were convened on an ad hoc basis. The Court Martial may try any offence against service law.[8] The Court is made up of a Judge Advocate, and between three and seven (depending on the seriousness of the offence) officers and warrant officers.[9] Rulings on matters of law are made by the Judge Advocate alone, whilst decisions on the facts are made by a majority of the members of the court, not including the Judge Advocate, and decisions on sentence by a majority of the court, this time including the Judge Advocate.[10]

United States:

United States:

Main article: Courts-martial in the United States

Most commonly, courts-martial in the United States are convened to try members of the U.S. military for violations of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), which is the U.S. military's criminal code. However, they can also be convened for other purposes, including military tribunals and the enforcement of martial law in an occupied territory. Courts-martial are governed by the rules of procedure and evidence laid out in the Manual for Courts-Martial, which contains the Rules for Courts-Martial, Military Rules of Evidence, and other guidance. There are three types: Special, Summary, and General.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial

Barend van Zadelhoff
Netherlands
Native speaker of: Native in DutchDutch
PRO pts in category: 19
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21 hrs peer agreement (net): +1
Reference: Ref

Reference information:
From:
Burgerspionnen in dienst van de vijand vanuit het oogpunt van de Belgische militaire justitie
De andere zijde van een schaduwoorlog (1914-1920)

In de onmiddellijke naoorlogse periode sprak het militair gerecht gedurende verschillende maanden recht over spionagezaken en verklikkingen door Belgische burgers aan de vijand. Op basis van de rijke dossiers van het Militair Gerechtshof bewaard in het Algemeen Rijksarchief wil dit artikel een beeld schetsen van de wereld van de Belgische spionnen in dienst van de vijand. Wat was hun modus operandi ? Wie waren ze? Vormden ze een homogene groep ? Beantwoordden ze aan een met hen geassocieerd stereotiep beeld (een vage band met betrekking tot nationaliteit, voortvluchtigen…)? De studie onderzoekt de voornaamste kenmerken van de groep van 62 aangeklaagden en gebruikt enkele case studies van de levensloop van een spion. Het laatste deel van het artikel schetst het standpunt van de militaire rechtbanken. Het verklaart hoe deze uitzonderingsrechtspraak, en meer specifiek de hoogste instantie – het Krijgshof – deze nieuwe activiteiten strafte in een nog onduidelijke juridische context en onder druk van de publieke opinie.

The Civilian Spies Working for the Enemy Through the Prism of the Belgian Military Justice. The Hidden Side of the War of Shadows 1914-1920)

In the immediate post-war period, the military courts held for several months the authority to judge cases of espionage and denunciation to the enemy by civilians. Using these rich sources at the State Archives, the article proposes to rediscover the universe of Belgian spies working for the enemy. What was their modus operandi ? Who were they? Were they a homogeneous group? Did they correspond to stereotypes (blurred identity in terms of nationality, fugitives from justice…) associated with them? The article analyses the main characteristics of the group of 62 postwar defendants, illustrated by a few case studies and trajectories of spies. The last part of the contribution uses the perspective of the military judges. It explains how this justice of exception, and in particular its highest authority – the Military Court of appeal – has sanctioned this novel behaviour in a still relatively blurred judicial context and under the pressure of public opinion.
http://www.journalbelgianhistory.be/nl/system/files/article_...

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Note added at 22 hrs (2016-07-17 17:33:45 GMT)
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In België zijn de militaire rechtscolleges afgeschaft in vredestijd door artikel 157, al. 1, van de Grondwet. In oorlogstijd bestaat de krijgsraad uit een Nederlandstalige, een Franstalige en een Duitstalige kamer. Een kamer bestaat dan uit een rechter (voorzitter), een magistraat uit de rechtbank van eerste aanleg (burgerlijk lid), een hoofdofficier en een lagere officier die minimaal de graad van kapitein bezit (militaire leden). Het openbaar ministerie wordt vertegenwoordigd door de krijgsauditeur. Op de terechtzitting is dan ook een griffier aanwezig. De samenstelling kan gewijzigd worden naar gelang de rang van de terechtstaande militair(en). Hogere officieren verschijnen niet voor de krijgsraad maar voor het Militair Gerechtshof. De officieren die in de krijgsraad of het Militair Gerechtshof zetelen, genieten de waardigheid van magistraat en zijn dan door het beroepsgeheim gebonden. Tegen de vonnissen van de krijgsraad kan hoger beroep ingesteld worden bij het Militair Gerechtshof.

De militairen verschijnen in vredestijd voor gewone burgerrechtbanken.

De samenstelling en de inrichting van de militaire rechtscolleges in oorlogstijd wordt in België thans geregeld door de wet van 10 april 2003 tot regeling van de afschaffing van de militaire rechtscolleges in vredestijd alsmede van het behoud ervan in oorlogstijd.
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaire_rechtbank

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Note added at 1 day29 mins (2016-07-17 19:25:09 GMT)
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Afdeling 7. Militaire rechtscolleges

668. Voorheen bestonden de militaire rechtscolleges uit de krijgsraden in eerste aanleg en het Krijgshof te Brussel in hoger beroep. Deze rechtscolleges bestaan uit militairen, bijgestaan door magistraten.
Bij de grondwetswijziging van 17 december 2002 werd lid 1 van art. 157 G.W. gewijzigd en bepaalt thans: 'er zijn militaire gerechten, wanneer de staat van oorlog ... is vastgesteld'.
Dit impliceert dat in vredestijd de militaire gerechten werden afgeschaft.
Deze bepaling van de Grondwet is in werking getreden op 1 januari 2004.
http://users.ugent.be/~rdecorte/documenten/doctrine/[4]gerecht.pdf

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Note added at 1 day2 hrs (2016-07-17 21:16:27 GMT)
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And from a publication about the so-called 'repressie' (i.e. prosecution of acts of collaboration) after the Second World War:

The prosecution and punishment of crimes committed against the external security of the state was entrusted to the military judiciary, which consisted of courts martial (krijgsraden, conseils de guerre) and the Court of Military Appeals (Krijgshof; Cour militaire), which were part of the ordinary judiciary.
(...)
The courts martial and Court of Military Appeals were composed of a civilian magistrate and lay judges, who were officers or reserve officers. With a view to processing the acts of collaboration, the number of civilian magistrates was increased.
https://chs.revues.org/998

Kitty Brussaard
Netherlands
Specializes in field
Native speaker of: Native in DutchDutch
PRO pts in category: 152

Peer comments on this reference comment (and responses from the reference poster)
agree  Barend van Zadelhoff: Also see my reference comments and http://tinyurl.com/zelr5dh (in D-box)
13 mins
  -> Dank.
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