Kaukamm
English translation: pit axe/timbering axe or timbering hatchet
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| 11:43 Jul 20, 2014 |
| German to English translations [PRO] History / list of exhibits historical museum | |||||||
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|  Selected response from: Yorkshireman Germany Local time: 15:15 | ||||||
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| Summary of answers provided | ||||
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| 4 | pit axe/timbering axe or timbering hatchet |
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| 3 | miner's hatchet |
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| Types of axes |
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| Info |
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| Discussion entries: 14 | |
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Answers
51 mins confidence: 
miner's hatchet Explanation: A miner's habit (German: Berghabit or Bergmannshabit) is the traditional dress of miners in Europe. The actual form varies depending on the region, the actual mining function, and whether it is used for work or for ceremonial occasions. At work, the miner of the Middle Ages in Europe wore the normal costume for his local region – pit trousers (Grubenhose), shoes and miner's jacket (Bergkittel). Only gradually was the typical miner's uniform created by the addition of unmistakable elements of miner's apparel such as the miner's apron (Arschleder), knee pads (Kniebügel), miner's cap (Fahrhaube or Fahrkappe, later pit hat (Schachthut), the mining tools needed for work in the pit, such as hammers (Fäustel), chisels (Eisen), wedges, picks (Keilhauen), hoes (Kratze), shovels, crowbars, pikes (Brechstangen) or miner's chisels (Bergeisen), mallets (Schlägel) or carpenter's hatchets, the miners' safety lamps (often a Froschlampe), and the Tzscherper bag (for the miner's knife (Tzscherpermesser) and lamp accessories like rape oil, flint and tinder).[1] There were specific accoutrements for the individual trade groups. The mining foreman or Steiger, for example, carried the Steigerhäckel, a simple hewer (Häuer) bore a miner's hatchet (Grubenbeil). Able miners (Doppelhäuer) carried a miner's axe (Bergbarte or Bergparte), which was simultaneously a tool and a weapon. The smelters (Hüttenleute) wore the leather apron as a pinafore (Schürze) in front of them (i.e. "back to front") and carried various implements: the Firke or Furkel, the rake (Rechen) and the tapping bar (Stecheisen or Abstichlanze). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miner's_habit -------------------------------------------------- Note added at 55 mins (2014-07-20 12:39:11 GMT) -------------------------------------------------- I realise this is the translation for Grubenbeil specifically. Grubenbeil: miner's hatchet, a special type of hatchet with a hammer head at the blunt end Kaukamm: a hatchet sharpened on one-side http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezähe |
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2 hrs confidence:
pit axe/timbering axe or timbering hatchet Explanation: Used for cutting timber supports (pit props) and cross members (cross timbering) in mines and pits http://www.gno-sis.co.uk/index.cgi/ac-Axe "The colliers looked after their other tools themselves and I can remember turning the grindle stone while my father sharpened his pit axe." Source: http://shropshiremines.org.uk/misc/shropmine/ifton.htm "Reverse design: miner, lying injured in narrow mine gallery, his pit axe beside him. Attending the injured figure a male rescuer, half-kneeling, his right arm extended to support a pit prop and carrying a Davy safety lamp in his left hand. Reverse text: "FOR COURAGE". Suspender: ring, oval (swivel). Ribbon pattern: dark blue & yellow - dark blue having at either edge a narrow yellow stripe (2.5 mm wide)." Decription of the Edward Medal (Mines) - http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30008582?nomob... From a treatise on mining tools: https://archive.org/stream/manualminingtoo01morggoog/manualm... "A 6 lb. or 7 lb. head is, perhaps, usually the most convenient size for a timbering axe. It is in very general use for ordinary timbering, and for rather heavy work. Axe-heads of 81bs. weight and upwards are in common use at South Wales collieries, the pattern being like the forest axe, with the length of the head disproportionately increased so as to measure 12 inches and more when new. -------------------------------------------------- Note added at 2 hrs (2014-07-20 14:05:11 GMT) -------------------------------------------------- The difference (still disputed) between axes and hatchets). Same source: "The hatchet and axe are almost identical in character. Some persons consider the axe is the heavier tool, with heads weighing above 31bs., and suited for use with both hands, while the hatchet is intended to be used by one hand only, and has a head weighing under 31bs. Some manufacturers consider that the differ- ence between hatchets and axes is entirely in the grinding of the edge. When the edge is bevelled off distinctly, as at a, Fig. 106, it is a hatchet; but when the edge is rounded off gradually, as at h, in Fig. 107, like the bow of a ship, it is an axe. Axes are considered best for splitting and cross grain hewing; but for chopping tcith the grain, hatchets are best, because the bevel turns off the chips, and keeps them out of the way of the head. The part p, h, Fig. 106, is the head in every hatchet or axe. The back, p, is called the " poll," and, when well made, it is strong and faced with steel, to form a surface for striking moderate blows. The " eye " lies between the cheeks c, c. The " blade " of an axe is the part between the eye and cutting edge. It is gene- rally broad and thin, composed of a doubled piece of flattened wrought- iron welded together, with a thin piece of steel between, to form the edge. Hatchet and axe-heads used in mining may be jsaid to range from 21bs. to 81bs. in weight. " -------------------------------------------------- Note added at 3 hrs (2014-07-20 14:49:31 GMT) -------------------------------------------------- A typical use of a hatchet, rather than an axe, below ground would be for cutting sprags (spraggs), these were pieces of hardwood about three feet long that were jammed between the spokes of the wheels of pit tubs to prevent them rolling away on inclined rails. This was a job usually performed by young lads, logically enough, called spraggers. They often began their work in mines with this job (or working ventilation doors) and progressed to become hutchers and hurriers (tub pushers), ponymen (working with pit ponies) and later took on the more "adult" tasks in mines, as hewers, drillers, timbermen, shot firers and the like, or above ground jobs like banksman, picker, washer etc.. -------------------------------------------------- Note added at 3 hrs (2014-07-20 15:10:12 GMT) -------------------------------------------------- Mining trivia (banging my own drum): http://www.aditnow.co.uk/supersize/Personal-Album-8946-Image... An extract from my most recent mining research - mapping the mines, pits, shafts and levels of the Yorkshire coalfield from 1700 until the 20th century. Recently also displayed (Huddersfield area) at a lecture at the National Coal Mining Museum for England. If you live in Yorkshire, let me know, you house may be built on a mineshaft. -------------------------------------------------- Note added at 21 hrs (2014-07-21 09:23:25 GMT) -------------------------------------------------- A fascinating piece of work: http://tinyurl.com/pymnvqa Aus "Diplomarbeit „Gezähe im Mittelalter und in der frühen Neuzeit“ verfasst von Hans Michael Reibnagel" "Hauptgezäh: dasjenige Gezäh, welches in einer bestimmten Art von bergmännischen Arbeiten eigenthümlich ist und allein oder doch vorzugsweise gerade bei dieser Art von Arbeiten zur Anwendung kommt, im Gegensatz zu Hülfsgezäh: Gezäh welches nicht in der in Rede stehenden Art von Arbeiten eigenthümlich angehört, sondern von einem anderen entlehnt ist: Kaukamm, das Hauptgezäh zur Ausführung der Zimmermannsarbeiten in der Grube." Gätzschmann, Moritz Ferdinand, Sammlung bergmännischer Ausdrücke. Freiberg 1859, 46. -------------------------------------------------- Note added at 1 day3 hrs (2014-07-21 15:03:47 GMT) -------------------------------------------------- Kaukamm: einseitig geschliffenes Grubenbeil, zum Hacken der Schar beim polnischen Türstock. Türstock: Ausbaukonstruktion, bestehend aus einer Kappe mit zwei unterstützenden Stempeln. Beim polnischen Türstock wird der Stempel am oberen Ende mit einer Vertiefung (Ausscharung) versehen, die Kappe wird nicht bearbeitet und in die Schar gelegt. Dadurch kann der polnische Türstock nur Firstdruck und keine seitlich einwirkenden Kräfte aufnehmen. Um den Stempeln eine bessere Standfestigkeit gegen seitliche Druckeinwirkungen zu geben, wird dicht unter der Kappe ein Holzpfahl, eine sogenannte Kopfspreize, eingeschlagen. Durch die Kopfspreize kann der polnische Türstock in geringem Umfang auch Seitenkräfte aufnehmen. Vorteil des polnischen Türstocks ist die einfache Bauweise, die auch von ungeübten Zimmerhauern hergestellt werden kann. Haupteinsatzgebiet des polnischen Türstocks war der Steinkohlebergbau. More on timbering/Türstöcke http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Türstock_(Bergbau)#Polnischer_T... |
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Reference comments
46 mins |
| Reference: Types of axes Reference information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axe http://www.timelesstools.co.uk/axes.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickaxe |
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49 mins |
| Reference: Info Reference information: miner’s axe: a single bit axe with a three-quarter length handle used for shaping and notching timbers within a confined area such as a mine. (also: three-quarter axe, coal miner’s axe, collie axe) single bit: an axe with one cutting edge. American style single bit axes were made in scores of patterns in a variety of weights. collie axe: a term used to describe a short-handled axe specifically adapted for use in mines. (also: single bitted, single-bitted) http://www.yesteryearstools.com/Yesteryears Tools/Glossary: ... Hewing hatchet – single-bevel hatchet http://pfollansbee.wordpress.com/2012/12/13/the-endless-look... -------------------------------------------------- Note added at 1 hr (2014-07-20 12:55:28 GMT) -------------------------------------------------- Kaukamm: einseitig geschliffenes Beil zur Herstellung der Schar beim hölzernen Grubenausbau.. http://www.miner-sailor.de/bergmannssprache.htm |
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